Marseillaise or La Marseillaise (pronounced (luh) mar-say-ez) is the National anthem of France. It was written during the French Revolution and is named after the French city Marseille which was an active centre of the Revolution. It glorifies the unity of France and Equality of her citizens.

The five main effects of World War on Russia are following:

1. The Russian army lost severely in Austria and Germany between 1914 and 1916. hence, when they fled, they damaged crops and buildings to obstruct the enemy from being able to live off the ground. This devastation of crops and structures directed to over 3 million refugees in Russia.

2. The world war had a critical impact on the industry of Russia. As Russia possessed very few industries and the country was cut off with the supply of industrial goods by Germany.

3. Modern material disintegrated more quickly in Russia than elsewhere in Europe. Russia called the Able-bodied men in the war by 1916, which resulted in the labor shortage and shutting down of various workshops.  

4. A large amount of crop was sent to feed the army. This caused the scarcity of bread and flour for the people in the cities.

5. Led to riots at the bread shops.

The biggest waterfall in India is the Kunchikal waterfalls. It is located on the Shimoga - Udupi border of Karnataka. The water that flows down the waterfall is from the river Varahi. It is ranked as the 116th in the world and India highest waterfall. The waterfalls from a height of 455meters, in a cascading manner over the rocky structures. The waterfalls close to the Hulikal Ghati Temple.

Election Manifesto

An election manifesto is the list of promises to citizens which is issued by a political party. The list shows the ideology of the party and its commitment to the citizens. It is in the form of a pamphlet or booklet issued to tell people about the party's programmes and policies.

An election manifesto has the following uses:

(i) The election manifestoes issued by various political parties at the time of elections enable the voters to know about the policies and programmes of the parties who are fighting the elections. After studying those manifestoes, the voters can vote for the party (candidate) of their choice.

(ii) The manifesto of the ruling party tells the people about its achievements during the last tenure. Similarly, the manifestos of the Opposition parties point out the failures of the government and mobilise public opinion against them.

(iii) After the elections, the party which is able to get the majority in the Parliament forms the government. The people can exert their pressure on the party in power to fulfil the various promises made to the people in its election manifesto. They are pressed to implement the policy and programmes issued in their election manifestoes.

(i)The Declarations of the Rights of Man during the revolution, announced the coming of a new time. The idea that all individuals had rights and could claim equality became part of a new language of politics.

(ii)The Constitution of 1971 began with a Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Rights such as the right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of opinion, equality before law, were established as ‘natural and inalienable’ rights, that is, they belonged to each human being by birth and could not be taken away. It was the duty of the state to protect each citizen’s natural rights.

The National Assembly, under the leadership of Abbe Sieyes and Mirabeau, had resolved to draft a Constitution for France which would effectively limit the powers of the monarch. These powers, instead of being concentrated in the hands of one person, were now separated and assigned to different political institutions - the legislature, executive and judiciary. The monarchy was retained, but the king did not enjoy absolute power and authority, as he did in the days of pre-revolution France. Therefore, through the new Constitution, the leadership of the Third Estate transformed France into a constitutional monarchy.

When people revolted, Louis XVI finally gave recognition to the National Assembly and accepted the fact that his powers now would be checked by the Constitution. On 4 August, 1789, the National Assembly passed a law abolishing the feudal system of obligations and taxes. Members of the clergy too were forced to give up their privileges. Tithes were abolished and lands owned by the Church were confiscated by the government. Ultimately, the government acquired assets worth 2 billions livres.

The northern most range is known as the Great or Inner Himalayas or the ‘Himadri’. It is the most continuous range consisting of the loftiest peaks with an average height of 6,000 metres. It contains all the prominent Himalayan peaks.

Mt. Everest - Nepal - 8848

LIBERALS...

Liberals are the groups who wanted to change the society that tolerated all the religions. Liberals opposed the uncontrolled power of monarchy. They did not believe in Universal Adult Franchise too..

RADICALS...

Radicals are those who wanted a nation which was based on majority of country's population. They supporated women's Suffragette movements. They opposed the privilege of landowners and nobles....


CONSERVATIVES...

They are those who opposed both liberals and radicals....

Unemployment is defined as to exist that peoples who are willing to do work at the going wages can't find jobs.

The 3 main categories of unemployment are

1. Structural unemployment: This kind of unemployment happens when the demand for a special type of worker is not available. This happens due to the difference between the skills an employer is taking for, and the skills workers actually have.

2. Frictional unemployment: This kind of unemployment arises when workers left their job and search for another one. The time gap between this mentioned as frictional unemployment. Example – quitting or termination.

3. Cyclical unemployment: This kind of unemployment appears when there is a regress and many people lose their posts. When the economy goes up and down, based on these cycles, people became unemployed. That is why this is called cyclical unemployment.

Accountable, responsive and legitimate government:
1. The most basic outcome of democracy should be that it produces a government that is accountable to the citizens, and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.
2. Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation.
3. Democracy ensures that decision-making will be based on norms and procedures.
4. The right and the means to examine the process of decision-making known as transparency.
5. Democratic governments do not have a very good record when it comes to sharing information with citizens.
6. In substantive terms, it may be reasonable to expect from democracy a government that is attentive to the needs and demands of the people and is largely free to corruption.
7. The record of democracies is not impressive on these two counts.
8. There is one respect in which democratic government is certainly better than its alternatives: the democratic government is the legitimate government.
9. People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them. They also believe that democracy is suitable for their country.

Impact of the French Revolution:

1. The French Revolution is significant for the fact that it marked the end of the institution of absolute monarchy in France and saw the establishment of a Republic.
2. Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, which had become the guiding principles of the French Revolution, also became the foundational values of the French Republic.
3. The Revolution led to the establishment of a democratic government for the first time in Europe.
4. Feudalism as an institution was buried by the Revolution, and the Church and the clergy were brought under State control.
5. It led to the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte as the Emperor of France.
6. It also signified the end of ancient beliefs and political systems and a qualified acceptance of the new era of Industrial Revolution.
7. It popularised the idea of nationalism. It also led to the eventual development of the Welfare State.
8. The success of the French Revolution inspired people all over the world, and especially in Europe. Mobilised by the spirit of nationalism and the ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity, people rose in revolt against the absolutist autocratic State and strived to install democracy as the new form of Government. 

The farmer with a small land of 1 hectare needs less capital to prepare his land. He uses traditional seeds, animals to plough, less labour, no machines, less chemical fertilisers or manure. He does irrigation manually and is helped by his family members to do the work of harvesting. The production from 1 hectare of his land is consumed by his family.

If more investment is done on human resources then the productivity will be higher of more healthier people. in this way society will also gain in other ways because the advantages of a more educated or a healthier population spreads to those also who themselves were not directly educated or given any health care assistance. a country must invest more in its human resource. then only liability will turn into productive asset. ultimately it will help the society as well as its country.

The town nearest to palampur is shahpur 

LAND is the most important factor of production.
There are 450 families in the village PALAMPUR and 75% of the population is dependent on farming.
Out of 450 families, 150 families are landless, most of them are dalits and have no land for cultivation.
The other remaining families own the majority of land, 240 cultivate small plots of land. Cultivation of such plots doesn't bring adequate income to the farmers family.
 

MENSHEVIKS- The Mensheviks were a faction in the Russian socialist movement, the other being the Bolsheviks. The factions emerged in 1903 following a dispute in the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party between Julius Martov and Vladimir Lenin.

Karl Marx was a communist who introduced the concept of socialism.
Karl Marx’s Theory:

• He felt that the industrial society belonged to the capitalists.
• Capitalists owned the capital invested in industries, but the profit was produced by workers.
• He believed that the condition of workers would never improve, as long as profit is taken by the capitalists.
• Marx believed that to free themselves from the capitalists’ exploitation, workers had to form a socialist society where all property was socially controlled.
• This would be a communist society.