USSR stands for Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Investment in human capital through education and training medical care yields a return just like investmentbin physical capital.higher incomes earned because of higher productivity of more educated or better trained person.

The objectives of the 12th Five Year Plan of India include: Achieving a growth rate of 9 percent. Ensuring a growth rate of 4 percent in the agricultural sector. Ensuring that the commercial energy supplies grow at a rate of 6.5-7 percent per year. The Twelfth Five-Year Plan of the Government of India has been decided to achieve a growth rate of 8.2% but the National Development Council (NDC) on 27 December 2012 approved a growth rate of 8% for the Twelfth Plan.

1. It stresses on, political equality.

2. It means that everyone in the country irrespective of the caste, colour, gender, creed and income earned is allowed to vote for his own representative.

3. The choice and opportunity is available to all the citizens on an equal basis without any discrimination on the basis of gender, caste, colour,etc.

4. The policy of one persons one vote, and one value should be followed in a democracy.

Democracy must be based on a free and fair elections :
No doubt, in democracy, the rulers are to be elected by the people. But many more things have also to be kept in view. In many so called democratic countries, the final decisions do not rest with the elected people but with the army officials, as is the case in Pakistan. In some other countries, the elections are held but only one party is allowed to take part in the elections, as is the case with China where the Chinese Communist Party is allowed to take part in the elections. So such a country cannot be called a true democratic country in the true sense of the word, although elections are held there regularly.

Free and fair elections means that elections offer equal opportunities for all competing parties and candidates. Such equality requires the ability of political parties and candidates to register for office without unreasonable requirements, balanced access to the media for all candidates, the absence of campaign finance abuse, and an independent electoral process.

A democratic government is one in which the people's representatives participate in decision making process. They own a collective responsibility for all the decisions taken by the government. There are example where representatives of people are chosen; but they are not allowed to participate in decision making process. This happens in many dictatorships and monarchies. e.g. currently in Pakistan under General Musharraf. In Pakistan, General Parvej Musharraf acquired power in October 1999 through an military coup. In Pakistan though they formally have an elected parliament and government but the real power is with those who are not elected. Not withstanding the existence of elected national and provincial assemblies, these countries can not be classified as a democratic country. This gives us the first feature in a democracy the final decision making power must rest with those elected by the people.

Some of the major features of a democracy are:

• The final decision making power rests with those elected by the people.
• It must be based on a free and fair election.
• Each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value.
• It should rule within limits set by constitutional law and citizens’ rights.

French Revolution: Spread of Great Fear in France

This map shows France and its divisions as they were in 1789. These regions were the focal point of the French Revolution.

Question 1.
Features are marked by numbers in the given outline map of France. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked in the map.
1 The region not affected by the Great Fear
or
Regions of France not affected by the Great Fear
2 The place where Napoleon Bonaparte was finally defeated in 1815
3 Region of Southern France was not affected by the Great Fear

Answer:
1. Alsace
2. Waterloo
3. Toulouse

Question 2.
Locate and label the following items on the given map with appropriate symbols.
1 Epicenter of main panic movement in Western France
2 Region of Western France that was not affected by the Great Fear
3 A Port of France related to Slave Trade
4 The port of France enriched due to Slave Trade

Answer:
1. Ruffec
2. Brest
3. Bordeaux
4. Nantes

Question 3.
On the given outline map of France, locate the following cities
A Bordeaux
B. Normandy
C. Nantes

Answer:

Politics is the way that people living in groups make decisions. Politics is about making agreements between people so that they can live together in groups such as tribes, cities, or countries. ... Politicians, and sometimes other people, may get together to form a government. Politicians are people who are politically active, especially in party politics. Positions range from local offices to executive, legislative, and judicial offices of regional and national governments. Some elected law enforcement officers, such as sheriffs, are considered politicians.

• The Jacobin Club was the most famous and influential political club at the time of French Revolution
•  Robespierre played an important role in Jacobins and he maintained a great army which stabilized the nation
• His opponents were brutally killed by the guillotine and he was closely associated with the Reign of Terror which was the major cause for the outbreak of French Revolution
• Nearly more than 20,000 people were executed in guillotine including the King and His queen
• To safeguard the people from the worst tactics of Robespierre the Jacobins club was dissolved and Robespierre was executed in guillotine
• After rewriting the Constitution, with new reforms, new government was formed which guaranteed equal rights for all people in the society

There are 8 major river systems in India, with more than 400 rivers in total. Rivers play an important role in the lives of the Indian people due to their crucial importance in sustenance and their place in Indian religions. Umngot river at dawki village of Meghalaya is considered to be the India's cleanest river. River Umngot in Jaintia Hills district is located 96 km from Shillong and the annual boat race is a major attraction. Arvari river is a small river in the Indian state of Rajasthan, notable for having its flow restored after remaining dry for 60 years. The 45 km long river, flows through the Alwar District of Rajasthan.

A political competition may have many limitations such as it can results in factionalism, disunity and use of dirty tricks to win elections.  However, free competitions in elections works better in a longer run. Many political parties prepare their manifestoes in which they point out steps that they will take after they come to power. The voter is in an advantageous situation as he can assess the manifestoes and party policies and decide the party to which he/she wants to vote. In any democracy, elections are based on political competition and absence of competition hampers the working of democratic practices or institutions.

Characteristics of a political party are:

• A political party has members who agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promoting the common good.
•  It seeks to implement the policies by winning popular support through elections.
•  The presence of a leader, the party workers and supporters.
•  It is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.

1. Tithe is one tenth part of something paid as a contribution to a religious organization or a compulsory tax to government.  
2. Tithe was levied on both noble and common man..  
3. Tithe was calculated as one tenth part of something.  

Don't post personal information, mobile numbers and other details.
Don't use this platform for chatting, social networking and making friends. This platform is meant only for asking subject specific and study related questions.
Be nice and polite and avoid rude and abusive language. Avoid inappropriate language and attention, vulgar terms and anything sexually suggestive. Avoid harassment and bullying.
Ask specific question which are clear and concise.
If content is found in violation, the user posting this content will be banned for 30 days from using Homework help section. Suspended users will receive error while adding question or answer. Question comments have also been disabled. Read community guidelines at https://mycbseguide.com/community-guidelines.html

The legacy of the French Revolution for the peoples of the world during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was as follows — (i) Ideas of equality and democratic spread from France to other European countries and feudalism was abolished. (ii) Colonial people reworked the idea of freedom from bondage info their movements to create sovereign nation states. (iii) It was the first movement to adopt the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity. (iv) The declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen gave rights such as right to life, freedom of speech, equality before law, etc. (v) Women were given many rights. They could not be forced to marry against their will, divorce was made legal, schooling was made compulsory and they could train for jobs.  

The most widespread religion in Russia is Russian Orthodox Christianity. The Orthodox faith is very strict.

In India, there is a large amount of graduate, the matric passes people who are unemployed especially in urban areas. Thus 'educated but unemployed' is a peculiar problem in India. In some field, there is a surplus of manpower whereas in certain areas there is a shortage of manpower. The reasons for this are as follow: There is unemployment among technically qualified person because their technical education is not up to industry standard thus there is a lack of skilled manpower.

Suggestions are mentioned below:
1.Emphasis should be laid on skill development.
2.Technical education should be provided.
3.Vocational education should be introduced.
4.The problem of the educated unemployed can be mitigated by providing them professional education.
5.The problem of the educated unemployed can be mitigated by providing help to the educated unemployed for starting modern techniques of farming.

In India, there is a large amount of graduate, the matric passes people who are unemployed especially in urban areas. Thus 'educated but unemployed' is a peculiar problem in India.

In some field, there is a surplus of manpower whereas in certain areas there is a shortage of manpower.

The reasons for this are as follow:

1. There is unemployment among technically qualified person because their technical education is not up to industry standard thus there is a lack of skilled manpower.

The triangular slave trade was conducted between Europe, Africa and the Americas. Since the 17th century, French merchants travelled from the ports of Bordeaux and Nantes to Africa where they bought slaves from the local chieftains. From there, the slaves were branded, shackled and sent off to the Carribean to be sold off to the plantation owners there. Such exploitation of the slaves from Africa made it possible for the European markets to flourish with commodities like sufar, indigo and coffee.

The best-known triangular trading system is the transatlantic slave trade, that operated from the late 16th to early 19th centuries, carrying slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between West Africa, Caribbean or American colonies and the European colonial powers, with the northern colonies of British North .

four major states -

•  Andhra Pradesh
•  Tamil Nadu
•  West Bengal
•  Odisha

two divisions-

•  The Mahanadi delta
• Coromandel Coast

• They are very fertile due to the presence of alluvial soil.
•  The northern plains are formed by the deposits brought by the three major rivers and their tributaries.
•  The plain mostly comprise of flat land.
•  Northern plains are the world's most intensely farmed areas.
•  The Northern plains are also known as Great plains or Indo-Gangetic plains.

Arguments against democracy are as follows :
•GOVERNMENT OF THE INNOCENT AND INCOMPETENT : It is said that a democratic government is a government of the Incompetent and ignorant. The common man is neither political intelligent nor sufficiently educated.

•INSTABILITY : In a democracy leaders keep changing which leads to instability.

•MORE IMPORTANCE TO QUANTITY: Democracy give more importance to quantity rather than quality. All people are incapable of taking part in government of the country. On the polling day a wise man and illiterate are on the same level.

•GOVERNMENT OF THE RICH : Democracy is a government of the common man but actually it is a government of the rich. The candidates spend lakhs of rupees for winning election. The poor man cannot afford to spend so much on elections and hence his right to contest elections become meaningless.

•CORRUPTION : Democracy is based on electoral competition this leads to corruption.

•DICTATOR OF THE MAJORITY : The majority party may develop despotic tendencies which are harmful for the development of human personality.

•INTEREST OF THE PEOPLE NOT SAFEGUARDED : Even elected leaders of the people generally do not know the best interest of the people.

These are narrow coastal strips, running along the Arabian Sea on the west and Bay of Bengal on the east.

These are known as western coast and eastern coast of the coastal plains.

The western coast is sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea.

It is a narrow plain and consists of three sections. The northern part of the coast is called the ‘Konkan’, the central is called ‘Kannad Plain’ and the southern part is called the ‘Malabar Coast’.

The plains along the Bay of Bengal are wide and level.