Economic activity: Activities that are related to the production and consumption of goods in return for money. The main motive is to earn money. 

The economic activities are:
Primary activity: these are related to the extraction of natural resources.
Secondary activity: these are related to the processing of raw materials.
Tertiary activity: these are related to providing services. 

Japan became a developed country despite being poor in natural resources :

(i)  They have invested in human resources.

(ii) They import the required resources for their industries.

(iii) Efficiency of the people has made the country rich.

(iv) The latest technology has helped in the development.

(v) They have invested in the field of health and education.

Weather refers to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the term for the averaging of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time.

CLIMATE: the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period

Kolkhoz was a co-operative agricultural enterprise functioned on state-owned land by farmers from several households who part of the collective farm and who were remunerated as salaried workers based on quantity and quality of labour contributed.Regarded as a volunteer union of peasants, the Kolkhoz was the prevalent form of agricultural enterprise owing to a state programme of ex-propriation of private holdings embarked on in the year 1929.

THE AGE OF SOCIAL CHANGE

The French Revolution opened up the possibility of creating a dramatic change in the way in which society was structured. Not everyone in Europe, however, wanted a complete transformation. Some were ‘conservatives’, while others were ‘liberals’ or ‘radicals’.

Liberals: Wanted a nation which tolerated all religions. They were against the uncontrolled power of the dynastic rulers.They wanted rights for individuals.They argued for an elected parliamentary government, subject to laws interpreted by a well trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials. They were not democrats because they did not believe in universal adult franchise.

Radicals: Wanted a nation in which government was based on the majority of a country’s population. They disliked concentration of property in hands of a few, not the existence of private property.

Conservatives: They resisted change. After the revolution they started accepting change provided it was slow and had links and respected the past.

Industries and Social Change : This was the time of economic and social change. It was also the beginning of the industrial revolution. Men, women and children were pushed into factories for low wages, Liberals and radicals who were factory owners felt that  efforts must be encouraged so that benefits of industrialization should be passed on to workers.

Click on the given link for:

<a href="https://mycbseguide.com/blog/socialism-in-europe-and-the-russian-revolution-class-9-notes-social-science/#:~:text=OCTOBER%20REVOLUTION,the%20city%20to%20summon%20troops." ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://mycbseguide.com/blog/socialism-in-europe-and-the-russian-revolution-class-9-notes-social-science/%23:~:text%3DOCTOBER%2520REVOLUTION,the%2520city%2520to%2520summon%2520troops.&ved=2ahUKEwjhqIrN4Z_sAhXM8HMBHRlrDugQFjABegQIBBAC" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution class 9 ...</a>

Bastille was used as a royal prison and also as fortress gate for the city of Paris. The Paris Commune order led to the demolition of the prison.

In July 1789, an angry mob laid siege on the fortress of Bastille. The day the bastille was attacked by the angry people, there were very few prisoners who were held in the prison and also the number of guards who guarded the fortress was less. The people were thus able to overwhelm the guards and also arrested and murdered the governor. The people claimed the bastille.  

Bal Gangadhar Tilak was an Indian social reformer and freedom activist. His famous declaration “Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it” served as an inspiration for future revolutionaries during India’s struggle for freedom. Tilak founded the All India Home Rule League in 1916 with Annie Besant whose motto was self-government within the British Empire for all of India.

Question 59.
Liberals were not Democrats. Explain. [CBSE 2016]
Or
Why do we say that liberals could not be called ‘democrats’?
Answer:
The liberals could not be called democrats because even though they argued for a representative, elected parliamentary government, subject to laws interpreted by a well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials, they did not believe in universal adult franchise and also did not want the voting rights for women. They felt right to vote should only be given to the propertied men.

Question 60.
Describe the views of radicals. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The following were the viewpoints of the radicals.
(a) Radicals wanted a nation in which government was based on the majority of a country’s population.
(b) Many supported women’s suffragette movements.
(c) They opposed the privileges of great landowners and wealthy factory owners. Though they favoured private property, they disliked concentration of property in the hands of a few.

Question 61.
What were the viewpoints of the conservatives?
Answer:
The conservatives had the following viewpoints.
(a) In the beginning of the eighteenth century, they were opposed to the idea of change.
(b) Later in the nineteenth century, they accepted that some change was inevitable.
(c) At the same time they believed that the past had to be respected and change had to be brought about through a slow process.

Question 62.
How should society, according to liberals and radicals, develop?
Answer:
Liberals and radicals were often property owners and employers. They acquired wealth through industrial ventures and trade. They believed that society could develop in the following ways.
(a) They strongly believed that if the workforce is healthy and educated, more profits could be earned.
(b) They firmly believed in valuing individual efforts, labour and enterprise.
(c) They believed that the society would develop if poor could work and freedom of all individuals is ensured.
(d) For this, they wanted investment and trade to be carried out without restrictions.

Question 63.
Why were socialists against private property and saw it as the root of all social ills? [HOTS]
Or
To what changes did the socialists campaign for?
Or
Explain the Socialist view on private property.
Answer:
The socialists were against private property because of the following reasons.
(a) They believed that private property was the root cause of all social evils.
(b) Individuals who owned property, did provide employment but at the same they are much more concerned with personal gains.
(c) They did not bother about the welfare of the people. .
(d) Socialists also felt that if society controlled property, more attention would be paid to collective social interests and concentration of wealth in the hands of a few could be restricted.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is an Indian Government Programme aimed at the universalisation of elementary education. It started in 2001. The Right to Education Act (RTE) came into force on 1 st April, 2010. With this Act, SSA has acquired the necessary legal force for its implementation. Some important features of it are :

1. To provide useful and elementary education for all children in the 6-14 years age group.
2. To bridge social, regional and gender gaps with the active participation of the community in the management of school.
3. To allow children to learn about and master their natural environment.
4. To inculcate value-based learning among children.
5. To realise the importance of early childhood care and education.

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Yes, it is true that modern farming methods require more inputs which are manufactured in industry.   For example   (i) HYV seeds, insecticides, pesticides and chemical fertilizers needed for increasing the yield per hectare are all manufactured in industries.   (ii) Farmers use farm machinery like tractors, threshers and also combined harvesters which are also manufactured in industries.   (iii) Tube well equipment and water pumps used for irrigation are also manufactured in industries.  

Winds move from a high-pressure area to a low-pressure area. During winter, there is a high-pressure area north of the Himalayas. Cold dry winds blow from this region to the low-pressure areas over the oceans to the south. In summer, a low-pressure area develops over interior Asia as well as over northwestern India. As a result, the low-pressure system attracts the southeast trade winds of the southern hemisphere. On crossing the equator, these trade winds-due to the Coriolis force-turn right towards the low-pressure areas over the Indian subcontinent. After crossing the equator, these winds start blowing in a south-westerly direction, and enter the Indian peninsula as the southwest monsoon. These are known as the South-west Monsoon winds. These winds blow over the warm oceans, gather moisture and bring widespread rainfall over the mainland of India. The upper air circulation in this region is dominated by a westerly flow. The rainfall received by India is largely due to the south-west monsoon winds. The duration of the monsoon is between 100 to 120 days. Hence, the bulk of rainfall received by the country is concentrated over a few months.

Measures in the education system to mitigate the problem of the educated unemployed:

•  Make education at the secondary level more career-oriented, which would endow individuals with not only education but also the requisite skills for gaining successful employment.
•  Create a sort of screening process whereby each individual chooses subjects that suit his or her abilities.
•  The introduction of newer subjects and fields of study at the school level should be accompanied by a growth of job opportunities in the sectors that would employ the students electing to study such subjects.

Measures in the education system to mitigate the problem of the educated unemployed:

•  Make education at the secondary level more career-oriented, which would endow individuals with not only education but also the requisite skills for gaining successful employment.
•  Create a sort of screening process whereby each individual chooses subjects that suit his or her abilities.
•  The introduction of newer subjects and fields of study at the school level should be accompanied by a growth of job opportunities in the sectors that would employ the students electing to study such subjects.

Chemical Industry: Some chemical plants have been shut down in China. So there will be restrictions on shipments/logistics. It was found that 20% of the production has been impacted due to the disruption in raw material supply. China is a major supplier of Indigo that is required for denim. Business in India is likely to get affected so people securing their supplies. However, it is an opportunity. US and EU will try and diversify their markets. Some of the business can be diverted to India which can also be taken as an advantage.

Shipping Industry: Coronavirus outbreak has impacted the business of cargo movement service providers. As per the sources, per day per vessel has declined by more than 75-80% in dry bulk trade.

Auto Industry: Its impact on Indian companies will vary and depend upon the extent of the business with China. China’s business no doubt is affected. However, current levels of the inventory seem to be sufficient for the Indian industry. If the shutdown in China continues then it is expected to result in an 8-10% contraction of Indian auto manufacturing in 2020.

Pharmaceuticals Industry: Despite being one of the top formulations of drug exporters in the world, the pharma industry of India relies heavily on import as of bulk drugs. Due to the coronavirus outbreak, it will also be impacted.

Textiles Industry: Due to coronavirus outbreak, several garments/textile factories in China have halted operations that in turn affecting the exports of fabric, yarn and other raw materials from India.

Solar Power Sector: Indian developers may face some shortfall of raw materials needed in solar panels/cells and limited stocks from China.

Electronics Industry: The major supplier is China in electronics being a final product or raw material used in the electronic industry. India’s electronic industry may face supply disruptions, production, reduction impact on product prices due to heavy dependence on electronics component supply directly or indirectly and local manufacturing.

IT Industry: The New Year holidays in China has been extended due to coronavirus outbreak that adversely impacted the revenue and growth of Indian IT companies.

Tourism and Aviation: Due to the coronavirus outbreak, the inflow of tourists from China and from other East Asian regions to India will lose that will impact the tourism sector and revenue.

An outbreak of COVID-19 impacted the whole world and has been felt across industries. The outbreak is declared as a national emergency by the World Health Organisation. In India the three major contributors to GDP namely private consumption, investment and external trade will all get affected. World and Indian economy are attempting to mitigate the health risks of COVID-19 with the economic risks and necessary measures needed will be taken to improve it.

The triangular slave trade was conducted between Europe, Africa and the Americas. Since the 17th century, French merchants travelled from the ports of Bordeaux and Nantes to Africa where they bought slaves from the local chieftains. From there, the slaves were branded, shackled and sent off to the Carribean to be sold off to the plantation owners there. Such exploitation of the slaves from Africa made it possible for the European markets to flourish with commodities like sufar, indigo and coffee

yes its true beacause-
1.it has helped to established maritime contacts with country.
2.The long coastline benefits India by giving it a prominent position at the head of Indian Ocean along with access to Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal

3. It helps in conducting sea trade with Africa, West Asia and European countries and building of more ports.
4.The location at the confluence of Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea is also strategically important.

• There was a substantial decline in poverty ratios in India from about 55% in 1973 to 36% in 1993.                         (a) The proportion of people below poverty line further came down to about 26 % in 2000.               (b) If the trend continues, people below poverty, line may come down to less than 20 % in the next few years. 

• (c) Although the percentage of the people living under poverty declined in the earlier two decades (1973-1993) the number of poor remained stable around 320 million for a fairly long period. 

• (d) The latest estimates indicate a significant reduction in the number of poor to about 260 million.  

The Gulf of Mannar is a shallow bay, part of the Laccadive Sea in the Indian Ocean. A chain of low islands and reefs known as Adam’s Bridge, also called Ramsethu, which includes Mannar Island, separates the Gulf of Mannar from Palk Strait, which lies to the north between India and Sri Lanka.

Palk Strait connects the Bay of Bengal in the northeast with the Palk Bay anc connects the Palk bay to Gulf of Mannar in the southwest. It is 53-80 kilometers wide, studded with a chain of low islands and reef shoals that are collectively called Adam’s Bridge. This chain extends between Dhanushkodi on Pamban (Rameswaram) Island in Tamil Nadu and Mannar Island in Sri Lanka.

Definition

Gulf is a portion of the sea that penetrates the land.

Strait is a narrow passage of water that connects two large bodies of water.

Connect

Gulf connects the land and the sea.

Strait connects two larger bodies of water.

Formation

Gulf  is always a natural formation.

Strait can be manmade, and such a structure is known as a canal.

Harbours

Gulf serves as an excellent location for harbors.

Straits cannot act as harbors.

Palk Strait is a strait between the Tamil Nadu state of India and the Mannar district of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. It connects the Bay of Bengal in the northeast with the Palk Bay and then with the Gulf of Mannar in the southwest.

There are two main strategies for reducing unemployment –

1. Demand side policies to reduce demand-deficient unemployment (unemployment caused by recession)
2. Supply side policies to reduce structural unemployment / (the natural rate of unemployment)

A quick list of policies to reduce unemployment:

1. Monetary policy – cutting interest rates to boost AD
2. Fiscal policy – cutting taxes to boost AD
3. Education and training to help reduce structural unemployment
4. Geographical subsidies to help firms invest in depressed areas
5. Lower minimum wage to reduce real wage unemployment
6. More flexible labour markets, to make it easier to hire and fire workers.

Sovereignty means a country being independent. People of the sovereign country follow the rules that are made by their representatives. In a sovereign nation, citizens and the government have the right to take decisions on internal and external matters. Also, no foreign power can impose its decisions on the country.

The monsoon is considered a unifying bond because:

• The Indian landscape, its flora and fauna, etc. are highly influenced by the monsoon.
•  These monsoon winds bind the whole country by providing water for agricultural activities.
• Most of the festivals in India that are related to agricultural cycle may be known by different names in different parts of the country, but their celebration is decided by the monsoon.
• Year after year, people of India from north to south and from east to west, eagerly await the arrival of the monsoon.
• The river valleys which carry this water also unite as a single river valley unit.

B. Drafting a Constitution for France which limited the kings power

On 20 June 1789, the members of the Third Estate, who call themselves the National Assembly, assembled in Versailles hall's indoor tennis court and took the Tennis Court Oath, vowing "not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require until the constitution of the kingdom is established". It was a very important event in the French Revolution.

 (a) A device consisting of two poles and a blade with which a person was beheaded 

The guillotine was a device consisting of two poles and a blade with which a person was beheaded. It was named after Dr. Guillotin who invented it. All those whom Robespierre saw as enemies of the French Republic and who did not agree with his methods were all arrested, imprisoned and then tried by a revolutionary tribunal. If the court found them guilty, they were guillotined.

a N S W E R: iT WAS A SHIP
A Russian battleship brought into Petrograd to defend the provisional government. Aurora protected the Winter Palace during the October Revolution in 1917 in Russia.