A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal milk mostly from goats or cows, but also from buffalo , sheep , horses or camels for the consumption . ⇒ people feed their buffaloes on various kinds of grass and the jowar and bajra that grow during the rainy season .

The part of the harvest which is kept for selling is called as surplus farm product and when it is taken to the market for selling it is called as Sale of surplus farm products.The surplus amount is sold by the farmer in the market. This is from where traders buy crops and sell it to shopkeepers in the cities and towns. They retain a part of the wheat for the family consumption and sell the surplus wheat.Once the farming process gets completed and the crops are harvested, the farmers segregate the obtained share into two parts.

The part of the harvest which is kept for selling is called as surplus farm productand when it is taken to the market for selling it is called as Sale of surplus farm products. Once the farming process gets completed and the crops are harvested, the farmers segregate the obtained share into two parts.

Farmers need a large capital to do farmingactivities. They need money to buy seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and farming equipment. Farmers also need money for irrigating their land. Medium and large-scale farmers have their own capital (money) to invest in farming activities.

Economic and social history is the study of the way societies change in their economic activities and social organisation. It is concerned with how people in the past lived and worked, and how this has affected the development of today's world. While the period 1900-1999 is of course a century, as is any period of 100 years, it is incorrect to label it the 20th century, which began January 1, 1901, and will end on December 31, 2000. The 20th century was dominated by a chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era: Spanish flu pandemic, World War I and World War II, nuclear power and space exploration, nationalism and decolonization, the Cold War and post-Cold War conflicts; intergovernmental.

 In 1914 the Russia Empire included Poland, Finland and large parts of Transcaucasia. The majority of the 166 million population were Slavs but as well as Jews and Turks there were dozens of other nationalities. In 1914, besides the territory around Moscow, the Russian empire included current day Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, parts of Poland, Ukraine and Belarus, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Because of its crucial role in the defeat of Napoleonic France in 1815, the Russian Empire was the dominant actor on continental Europe and rolled back political reform and revolutions. In reaction to the revolutions of 1848 that swept across Europe demanding constitutionalism, Nicholas I.

A socialist economy is a system of production where goods and services are produced directly for use, in contrast to a capitalist economic system, where goods and services are produced to generate profit (and therefore indirectly for use). "Production under socialism would be directly and solely for use. In theory, based on public benefits, socialism has the greatest goal of common wealth; Since the government controls almost all of society's functions, it can make better use of resources, labors and lands; Socialism reduces disparity in wealth, not only in different areas, but also in all societal ranks and classes.

The Coming of Socialism to Europe

Socialism was a well-known body of ideas by the mid-nineteenth century in Europe. Socialists were against private property and saw it as the root of all social ills of the time. They wanted to change it and campaigned for it. Robert Owen (1771-1858) sought to build a cooperative community called New Harmony in Indiana (USA). Louis Blanc (1813-1882) wanted the government to encourage cooperatives and replace capitalist enterprises. Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) added other ideas to this body of arguments. According to Marx industrial society was ‘capitalist’ who owned the capital invested in factories, and the profit of capitalists was produced by workers. Capitalism and the rule of private property were overthrown. Marx believed that a communist society was the natural society of the future.

Support for Socialism

In February 1897, he was sentenced without trial to three years' exile in eastern Siberia. He was granted a few days in Saint Petersburg to put his affairs in order and used this time to meet with the Social-Democrats, who had renamed themselves the League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class.

The steps taken by government in the field of education are as follows : ... Popularising education related programmes like 'Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan', distance education, adoption of state-specific curriculum modification, use of information technology etc.

 Landlessness Landless labourers in the villages are generally poor. They usually belong to the depressed sections of society and earn very low wages. They are also subject to seasonal unemployment, when they have to do odd jobs at very low income. 

Russia entered World War I on July 28, 1914, when Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia's ally, Serbia. The Russian Empire sent an ultimatum to Austria-Hungary stating that if Austria-Hungary showed aggression toward its allies, Russia would meet with military action.

It is competition for the ability to shape and control the content and direction of public policy--rivalry for the capacity to influence or determine official governmental decisionmaking and action on questions of public policy.

The processes of rural democratization are full of contradictions, conflicts, and confusions with a great number of variations. Four models can be used to describe the current state of affairs in Chinese village politics. They are the absence of democracy, formalistic democracy, semidemocracy, and established village democracy.

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Cyclone depression mostly occurs over bay of Bengal during October to December which is also known as north east monsoon gives rain over Tamil Nadu and coastal Andhra Pradesh for eg Cyclone Amphan In Arabian Seas cyclone formation is rare most of cyclones go towards Oman and Arab countries but some of them hit India also For eg cyclone nisarga Overall bay of Bengal have more cyclones due to warm water

(i) Democracy is a form of government in which rulers are elected by the people on the principle of one person, one vote.
(ii)  Democracy must be based on  free and fair elections, where those who are currently in power have a fair chance of losing. Voters should have a choice of candidates.
(iii)In a democracy, the final decision-making power must rest with those elected by the people.

Njsisnsk

The climate and related weather conditions in India are controlled by the following atmospheric conditions: Pressure and surface winds, Upper air circulation, Western cyclonic disturbances and tropical cyclones.

The earth’s rotation causes the Coriolis force, which tends to turn the flow of air. Jet streams are rivers of wind that blow horizontally through the upper layers of the troposphere, generally from west to east.
The movement of water in the oceans is called currents.

(i) The northern plains have been formed from the alluvium deposited by the mountain rivers.
(ii) They are located between the Himalayan rivers in the north and the Peninsular Plateau in the south.
(iii) They turned the soil on the surfaced land fertile for growing a rich harvest of variety of crops. This led to the development of the Indus Valley Civilization.
(iv) They are made up of deposits of alluvium and cover an area of 7 lakh sq. km.
(v) They are densely populated physiographic division of India and are believed to be highly productive in terms of agriculture.
(vi) The North Indian plains have the Indus river system in the west and the Ganga Brahmaputra river system in the East.
(vii) The first include Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Satluj. The Indus flows into the Arabian Sea. The second includes Ganga-Brahamaputra which combines with Meghna at the point when it drains into the Bay of Bengal. They form the world's largest and fastest growing delta. On the basis of difference of relief, they are divided into four parts-Bhabar, Terai, Bhangar and Khadar.
(viii) The northern plain is divided into three sections - Punjab plain, Ganga plain and Brahmaputra plain. The Ganga plain has diverse relief features. It has four belts.
(a) Bhabar is a belt of pebbles extending from 8-16 km in width in which stream disappears.
(b) Terai is a wet, swampy, marshy region with thick forests and wild life.
(c) Bhangar is a terrace-like feature made of old alluvium. It contains calcareous deposits called Kankar.
(d) Khadar is the flood plain which renewed everywhere and is very fertile.

The Indian Ocean is the only ocean named after a country, that is, India. The shape of the ocean is almost triangular. In the north, it is bound by Asia, in the west by Africa and the east by Australia. The Indian landmass has a central location between the East and West Asia. India is a southward extension of the Asian continent. The trans-Indian Ocean routes, which connect the countries of Europe in the West and the countries of East Asia, provide a strategic central location to India. No other country has a long coastline on the Indian Ocean as India has and indeed, it is India’s eminent position in the Indian Ocean, which justifies the naming of an Ocean after it.

Thanks

The difficulties people face in a non-democratic country are:

• No freedom to elect their rulers.
• People cant form organisation or organise protest against the rulers.
• No freedom of speech and expression.
• Don't have any say in government policies
• Civic rights are curtailed.

I would request my father to change his outlook towards Jews and let them live peacefully. I would convince him that Jews were also human beings like them and therefore they must be given free environment to live in.
        (Students can expand the answer).

Machuda

A Constitution is necessary because of the following reasons:

• It is an important law of the land. It determines the relationship of the citizens with the governments.
• It lays down principles and guidelines which are required for people belonging to different ethnic and religious groups to live in harmony.
• It specifies on how the Government would be elected and who will have the power and the responsibility to take important decisions.
• It outlines the limits on the power of the Government and tells us about the rights of the citizens.
• It expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society.

) Apartheid was the name of a system of racial discrimination imposed by white Europeans on South Africa. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the trading companies from Europe occupied it with force and became the local rulers. The system of apartheid divided the people and labelled them on the basis of the colour of their skin. (ii) The natives of South Africa were black in colour. They made up about three-fourth of the population and were called blacks. Besides these two groups (whites and blacks), there were people of mixed races, who were called coloured. The white minority formed the government and followed the policy of apartheid. (iii) They treated non-whites as inferiors, The non-whites did not have voting rights. The apartheid system was particularly oppressive for the blacks. They were forbidden from living in white areas. They could work in white areas only if they had a permit.  Trains, buses, taxis, hotels, hospitals, schools and colleges, libraries, cinema halls, theatres, beaches, swimming Pools, public toilets were all separate for the whites and the blacks. They could not even visit the churches where the whites worshipped. The Blacks could not form associations or protest against the terrible treatment. (iv) Since 1950, the blacks, coloured and the Indians fought against this oppressive system. They launched protest marches and strikes. The party called African National Congress (ANC) led the struggle which soon took momentum. (v) As the protests against the apartheid system had increased, it became difficult for the white government to control the blacks. The white regime changed its policies. Discriminatory laws were repealed. Ban of political parties and restrictions on the media were lifted. Nelson mandela was set free. (vi) Finally, at the midnight of 26 April, 1994, the new national flag of the Republic of South Africa was unfurled, marking the newly born democracy in the world. Apartheid government came to an end and a multi-racial government was formed. And this is the brief explanation and it is in very simple words so ya u can learn and write this answer in ur exam ?I hope this will help you!!!!?

(i) Apartheid was the name of a system of racial discrimination imposed by white Europeans on South Africa. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the trading companies from Europe occupied it with force and became the local rulers. The system of apartheid divided the people and labelled them on the basis of the colour of their skin.

(ii) The natives of South Africa were black in colour. They made up about three-fourth of the population and were called blacks. Besides these two groups (whites and blacks), there were people of mixed races, who were called coloured. The white minority formed the government and followed the policy of apartheid.
(iii) They treated non-whites as inferiors, The non-whites did not have voting rights. The apartheid system was particularly oppressive for the blacks. They were forbidden from living in white areas. They could work in white areas only if they had a permit. 

Trains, buses, taxis, hotels, hospitals, schools and colleges, libraries, cinema halls, theatres, beaches, swimming Pools, public toilets were all separate for the whites and the blacks. They could not even visit the churches where the whites worshipped. The Blacks could not form associations or protest against the terrible treatment.
(iv) Since 1950, the blacks, coloured and the Indians fought against this oppressive system. They launched protest marches and strikes. The party called African National Congress (ANC) led the struggle which soon took momentum.
(v) As the protests against the apartheid system had increased, it became difficult for the white government to control the blacks. The white regime changed its policies. Discriminatory laws were repealed. Ban of political parties and restrictions on the media were lifted. Nelson mandela was set free.
(vi) Finally, at the midnight of 26 April, 1994, the new national flag of the Republic of South Africa was unfurled, marking the newly born democracy in the world. Apartheid government came to an end and a multi-racial government was formed.

D) Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years. Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation. E) During the hot weather season, strong, gusty, hot, dry winds known as the 'Loo' blows. Direct exposure to these winds may even prove to be fatal. Dust storms are very common during the month of May in northern India. These storms bring temporary relief as they lower the temperature.

A) Kal Baisakhi originates over Bihar and Jharkhand area, moves eastwards and strikes West Bengal and Odisha. These are extremely severe in nature and takes Chhattisgarh under its purview as well. B) The southwest monsoon arrives in two branches called the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch. The Arabian Sea side monsoon of the southwest monsoon first hits the western ghats of Kerala, India.

A n s w e r:
The Second International
Explanation:

By the 1870s, socialist ideas spread through Europe and to coordinate their efforts, socialists formed an international body which was named as 'The Second International'.

Tsar Nicholas II 

Tsar Nicholas II was the last Czar of the Russian empire, succeeded his father in 1894. Nicholas and his wife Alexandra of Hesse were coroneted as ruler in 1896. As a ruler he instructed the building of the Trans-Siberian railroad. He took charge of the military during World War I and left his wife and her advisor to internal social affairs. Years of discontent in policies in Russia and led the Russian revolution and in 1918 Nicholas and his family were executed. It was under his authority that Russia aligned itself with Serbia that began a cascade toward war. With his defeat, Russia could no longer support the war and retracted.

Conservatives  opposed the ideas of both liberals and radical

Conservatives. Earlier, in the eighteenth century, conservatives had been generally opposed to the idea of change. By the nineteenth century, they accepted that some change was inevitable but believed that past had to be respected and change had to be brought about through a slow process.

Because the makers of the constitution decided a lot on this constitution for future , they spended too much time to make our constitution and ,now we don't think our constitution as old laws because at that time it was discussed with many rulers and even tried to make it modern and easy for peoples to follow it

We should accept the constitution made by constituent assembly more than 60 years ago because:-

1. The Constitution of India doesn't reflect the opinion of members of the Constituent Assembly. It expresses a broad consensus of its time.

2. The another reason why we should accept the Constitution is that the Constituent Assembly represented the Indian people.

3. The Assembly was dominated by the Indian National Congress (INC). It was the party that led the Indian freedom struggle. But it itself included people of different political opinions and groups.

4. In social terms too, the Assembly represented members that belonged to different castes, occupations, religions and classes.

5. At that time, there was no universal adult franchise. But even it would have been there, the composition of the Constituent Assembly would have been so different as it was.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan or SSA is a free and compulsory education programme launched by the Government of India for children in the age group of 6 to 14 years.

Goals:

1. It is a time-bound initiative of the Central Government in partnership with the states, the local government and the community for achieving the goal of universalisation of elementary education.

2. By introducing bridge courses and back to school camps, the government tried to increase the enrolment in elementary education.

3. Mid-day Meal Scheme has been implemented to encourage attendance and retention of children and improve their nutritional status.

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Pata nahi

Government made many schemes They started a mid day meal plan for wich all the children atleast come to school. There is Navodia vidhyalay in every district . They even made many Proviences for girl's education . And in 2010 govt started 'sarwa sikha abhiyan' for all children from age 6-14 years

The steps taken by government in the field of education are as follows :

1. There is a provision made for providing universal access, retention and quality in elementary education with a special emphasis on girls.
2. There is also an establishment of pace setting schools like Navodaya Vidyalaya in each district.
3. Vocational streams have been developed to equip students with occupation related knowledge and skills.
4. Mid-day meal schemes implemented in semi-urban and rural areas to encourage parents to send their children to school.
5. Popularising education related programmes like ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’, distance education, adoption of state-specific curriculum modification, use of information technology etc.