Vocational education should be encouraged so that after education, people do not have difficulty in getting jobs because they will better trained for work.   (i) More use of Information Technology (IT) should be made in giving education.   (ii) Education should cater to the needs of the employment markets.   (iii) More opportunities should be made available in the tertiary sector where more educated unemployed people can find jobs.  

 

The reasons why India enjoys a strategic position with reference to International Trade Route: 

1. India is centrally located between East and the West Asia. This allows them to be in contact with countries on both its side.
2. Secondly, there is a trans Indian Ocean route that helps India to connect with the countries of Europe in the West and countries in East Asia.
3. Finally, the southmost part of the country known as Deccan Peninsula potrudes into the Indian Ocean thereby helping in maintaining contact with the West Asia, Africa and Europe from the western coast and with Southeast and East Asia from the eastern coast.

• Concern for the striking workers.
• Leadership necessary to lead the strike.
• Welfare for the workers
• Fight against injustice done to workers.

The Estates General was a political body to which the three estates of the French society, i.e., the clergy, the nobility and the third Estate consiting of peasants, landless labourers, businessmen and merchants, sent their representatives

The Estates General was a political body to which the three estates of the French society, i.e., the clergy, the nobility and the third Estate consiting of peasants, landless labourers, businessmen and merchants, sent their representatives. In the ancient regime in France, the king did not possess the power to impose taxes on his own. He had to call a meeting of the Estates General first, which would consider and pass his proposals for new taxes. However, the Estates General did not have the power to summon itself to a meeting. Only the king could decide when to call a meeting of this representative body.

The three features of the Spartacist League were:

• The Spartacist League was another political party in Germany that opposed the Weimer Republic.
• They supported Soviet style governance.
• They were opposed by the Socialists, Democrats, Catholics and were crushed by the Free Corps.
• Later the anguished Spartacists formed the Communist Party of Germany.

ArticleMediaAdditional Info HomeWorld HistoryWars, Battles & Armed Conflicts Russian Revolution Russian history [1917] Cite Share More WRITTEN BY The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Last Updated: Oct 17, 2020 See Article History Russian Revolution, also called Russian Revolution of 1917, two revolutions in 1917, the first of which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial government and the second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power.  Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Lenin during the Russian Revolution, 1917. Photos.com/Getty Images  Russian Revolution QUICK FACTS DATE October 24, 1917 - October 25, 1917 (Anniversary in 7 days) November 6, 1917 - November 7, 1917 TIMELINE Russian Revolution Timeline LOCATION St. Petersburg Russian Empire PARTICIPANTS Bolshevik Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies CONTEXT Soviet Union KEY PEOPLE Alexandra Alexis Anastasia Lev Kamenev Aleksandr Kerensky Vladimir Lenin Nicholas II Joseph Stalin Leon Trotsky Grigory Yevseyevich Zinovyev MAJOR EVENTS July Days Russian Provisional Government RELATED TOPICS Leninism Russian Provisional Government Romanov dynasty DID YOU KNOW? Bloody Sunday in 1905 and the Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War both helped lead to the 1917 revolution. After taking over, the Bolsheviks promised 'peace, land, and bread' to the Russian people. In 1917 Lenin returned to Russia from exile with German help. The tsar and other Romanovs were executed by the Bolsheviks after the revolution. By 1917 the bond between the tsar and most of the Russian people had been broken. Governmental corruption and inefficiency were rampant. The tsar’s reactionary policies, including the occasional dissolution of the Duma, or Russian parliament, the chief fruit of the 1905 revolution, had spread dissatisfaction even to moderate elements. The Russian Empire’s many ethnic minorities grew increasingly restive under Russian domination.????

Causes of the Russian Revolution. ... Economically, widespread inflation and food shortages in Russia contributed to the revolution. Militarily, inadequate supplies, logistics, and weaponry led to heavy losses that the Russians suffered during World War I; this further weakened Russia's view of Nicholas II.

‘People as Resource’ is a way of referring to a country’s working people in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities. Human resource is an asset for the economy rather than a liability. Population becomes human capital when there is investment made in the form of education, training and medical care. In fact, human capital is the stock of skill and productive knowledge embodied in them.

Factors that Influence Indian Monsoon:

• The differential heating & cooling of land & water as Lands get heated and cooled faster as compared to water → it creates low pressure on landmass of India while seas experience comparatively high pressure
• ITCZ in summer→ Shift over Ganga plain (this is Equatorial trough positioned about 5 degree North of Equator).

Small farmers cultivate their own lands. Medium and large farmers hire labourers to cultivate their fields who come either from landless families or families cultivating small plots of land. Farm labourers will not have any right over the crops grown on the land. They will be paid on wages for their work which can be cash or in-kind, e.g. crop. Sometimes labourers get meals also. Wages vary from region to region, crop to crop, one farm activity to another. Farm labourers are employed on a daily basis, or for one particular farm activity like harvesting, or for the whole year.

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• Russian army broke when Bolshevik ordered land redistribution. Non-Bolshevik socialists, liberals and supporters of autocracy condemned the Bolshevik uprising. During 1918-19, the ‘greens’ (socialist Revolutionaries) and ‘whites’ (pro-Tsarists) controlled most of Russian empire backed by French, American, British and Japanese troops.
• Civil war took place between these troops and Bolsheviks. Supporters of private property among ‘whites’ took steps with peasants who seized land.
• Such actions lead to the loss of support for non –Bolshevik and by 1920, Bolsheviks controlled most of the Russian empire. They succeeded due to cooperation with non–Russian nationalism and Muslim jadidists.
• Bolshevik colonists massacred local nationalists in the name of defending socialism in central Asia. Many were confused about Bolshevik government.
• Most non-Russian nationalities were given political autonomy in Soviet Union (USSR) combined with unpopular polices that Bolshevik forced the local government to follow.

Feudal dues were extracted from the peasants. The Church too extracted its share of taxes called tithes from the peasants, and finally, all members of the third estate had to pay taxes to the state. These included a direct tax, called taille, and a number of indirect taxes which were levied on articles of everyday consumption like salt or tobacco. The burden of financing activities of the state through taxes was borne by the third estate alone.

The French empire has acquired colonies in the Caribbean region, wherein French plantation owners employed local hands. However, shortage of manual labour in these plantations led to the blossoming of a triangular slave trade in Europe, Africa and America. French slave traders sailed from the southern French ports of Bordeaux and Nantes and bought African slaves from the local chieftains. From there on the slaves were shipped to America in inhuman conditions and forced to work in the Caribbean plantation. Although the convention of 1794 abolished slavery in France and its colonies, it was reintroduced by Napoleon. Eventually it was abolished forever in 1848.

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Main causes were:

Autocratic rule of Tsars: In 1914, the Russian emperor was Tsar Nicholas II. He fought a number of wars to expand his empire in the north and west in Europe. He had borne the expenditure of war by taxing the common people of Russia.
Conditions of peasants: Majority of the Russians were agriculturalists. Major part of the land was owned by nobles and clergy and these peasants worked as farmers on daily wages. They were paid less and worked more and sometimes under debt, they were not even paid wages.
Status of industries: Industry was found in pockets. Prominent industrial areas were St. Petersburg and Moscow. Craftsmen undertook much of the production, but large factories existed alongside crafts workshops. Foreign investment in industries increased with the extension of Russia’s railway network.
Conditions of workers in the industries: Most industries were owned by private
industrialists. Though the government supervised factories’ working hours and wages of the workers, but still rules were broken. Women workers were also paid less than men. Some workers formed associations to help members in times of unemployment and financial hardships. ,
Formation of socialist parties: All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914. The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was founded in 1898 by socialists, who respected Marxist ideas. But because of government policies, it had to operate secretly as an illegal organisation. It set up a newspaper, mobilised workers and organised strikes.

In September 1939, Germany invaded Poland with the result that it started a war with France and England. In September 1940, Tripartite Pact with Italy and Japan and Germany was signed. By the end of 1940, Hitler had almost won all the wars. Hitler attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941. The Soviet Red Army gave a crushing defeat to the German soldiers. In the meantime, the US also entered the war when the Japanese bombed the US base at Pearl Harbor. The war ended in May 1945, with Hitler’s defeat and US dropping of atom bomb on Hiroshima in Japan.

Unemployment is defined as to exist that peoples who are willing to do work at the going wages can't find jobs.

The 3 main categories of unemployment are

1. Structural unemployment: This kind of unemployment happens when the demand for a special type of worker is not available. This happens due to the difference between the skills an employer is taking for, and the skills workers actually have.

2. Frictional unemployment: This kind of unemployment arises when workers left their job and search for another one. The time gap between this mentioned as frictional unemployment. Example – quitting or termination.

3. Cyclical unemployment: This kind of unemployment appears when there is a regress and many people lose their posts. When the economy goes up and down, based on these cycles, people became unemployed. That is why this is called cyclical unemployment.

Hitler was a powerful speaker. His passion and his words moved people. He promised to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and restore the dignity of the German people. He promised employment for those looking for work, and a secure future for the youth. He promised to weed out all foreign influences and resist all foreign ‘conspiracies’ against Germany. Hitler devised a new style of politics. He understood the significance of rituals and spectacle in mass mobilisation. Nazis held massive rallies and public meetings to demonstrate the support for Hitler and instil a sense of unity among the people. The Red banners with the Swastika, the Nazi salute, and the ritualised rounds of applause after the speeches were all part of this spectacle of power.

Nazi propaganda skilfully projected Hitler as a messiah, a saviour, as someone who had arrived to deliver people from their distress. It is an image that captured the imagination of a people whose sense of dignity and pride had been shattered, and who were living in a time of acute economic and political crises.

General Parvez Musharraf

General Parvez Musharraf led a military coup in Oct 1999 and overthrew the then elected democratic government under Nawaz Sharif.

e.g. the family, government, the economy, education, and religion. Most important institutions, considered abstractly, have both objective and subjective aspects: examples include money and marriage.

Tertiary activities

Transportation is an example of tertiary activity

Transport and communication are included in the tertiary sector of the economy since transport and communication are related to service activities. Tertiary sector of the economy is also known as service sector.

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Apartheid is the system of racial discrimination against south African black people by European White people .

Apartheid is a system of racial discrimination unique to South Africa imposed by the white Europeans. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the trading companies from Europe occupied it with arms and force and became the local rulers. The system of apartheid divided the people and labelled them on the basis of their skin colour. The white rulers treated all nonwhites as inferiors. The non-whites did not have voting rights and were forbidden from living in white areas. The blacks, coloured and Indians fought against the apartheid system, from 1950. The African National Congress (ANC) was the umbrella organisation that led the struggle against the policies of segregation. Nelson Mandela was one of the leaders amongst the eight who were tried for treason by the white South African government. They were sentenced to life, imprisonment in 1964 for daring to oppose the apartheid regime in the country.

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South-West Monsoon

(i)These monsoon winds blow northward from the Arabian sea and the Bay of Bengal.

(ii)These monsoon winds blow from June to September.

(iii)These winds cause country-wide rainfall.

(iv)These blow from oceanic high pressure areas towards the low pressure areas of land.

(v)These winds blow during advancing monsoon season.

North-East Monsoon

(i)These monsoon winds blow from northeast towards the sea-side.

(ii)These winds blow from October to November.

(iii)These cause rainfall only in Coromandel coast including Tamil Nadu when these strike at the wetlands of the Eastern Ghats.

(iv)These winds blow from land to sea as a result of reversal in the direction of wind or start of retreating monsoon season.

(v)These winds blow during retreating monsoon season.

The Rule of law states that all laws apply equally to all citizens of the country and no one can be above the law. The law is equal and similar for all, be it a government official, a wealthy person or even the President, none of them are above the law. Hence, the law cannot differentiate between people on the basis of their religion, caste or gender. Nevertheless, any crime or violation of law has to be established after which a specific punishment is given.

The rule of law means is that all laws apply equally to all citizens of the country and no one can be above the law. Neither a government official nor a wealthy person nor even the President of the country is above the law. All persons in independent India are equal before the law. The law cannot discriminate between persons on the basis of their religion, caste or gender. There is a specific punishment for every crime or violation of law and also a specific process through which the guilt of the person has to be established. The punishment for any crime committed will be the same for every person, irrespective of his power or position.

Taxes of breads?is to high

Restraint

The French Revolution is not only a significant event in the history of Europe but of the entire world. Before the outbreak of the French Revolution, the political, social, and economic conditions were bad, but no revolution in the world ever takes place for any single cause.Even a number of ordinary reasons do not suffice as contributing to the outbreak of revolution. There must be a set of some vital causes at the back of every revolution.The fire of revolution smoldered slowly for a long time and ultimately flared up. A prominent scholar has observed in this connection:"The French Revolution sprang from a combination of intellectual ferment and material grievances; and it was the intellectual ferment that made material grievances more fiercely resented."

The following were the chief political causes responsible for the outbreak of the revolution in France:

1. The Autocracy of the Kings

The autocratic form of the government was prevalent in France the eve of French on Revolution. The kings regarded themselves as 'Representatives of God on Earth' and ruled over their subjects without any check of restraint.The will of the kings was law. No judicial enquirywas essential for the imprisonment of an individual. Persons like Voltaire and Mirabeau became the victims of the authority contained in the letters de cachet.Owing to being absolute authority the kings had not called any meeting of the Estates General for the last 175 years. Appointment of officers and their termination was their sole right.There was no definitepolicy of the nation and everywhere signs of chaos and confusion could be seen. The Bourbon rulers failed to control the state affairs properly with the result that people began to lose their faith in the king and wanted to end once and for all the absolute power of the king.

2. Defective Administration

The French administration was not being properly carried on. It was a hotbed of favouritism and nepotism. The prize posts were reserved for the aristocrats and the nobles, no matter, if they did not possess the required qualifications.All the important offices were given to the highest bidders. Though there was a governor in each province, yet these governors had no legislature, or councils. Similarly, the Municipalities and the Corporations also differed in their way of working from one to the other.In the same way, various laws were in operation. What was lawful in one town might be illegal in the other town.

3. Lack of Efficiency in the Administration

During the reign of Louis XIV France was famous in the entire Europe for its efficient administration but after his death no able and powerful ruler ascended the throne. Louis XV was spendthrift and foolish.He proved to be a drain on the finances of France. Some American and Indian colonies slipped away from the grip of France due to the stupidity of Louis XV.The Seven Years' War proved fatal for the prestige and finances of France. It not only exhausted royal treasury but also affected the honour of France adversely.

4. Extravagancy

The king and the queen spent a lot on their luxuries. The courtiers also followed in the footsteps of their sovereign. Thus the expenditure of the royal court crossed all limits. The king lived in Versailles along with his family and the courtiers were completely drowned in the luxuries.It was situated 12 miles away from Paris. A great number of servants were employed by the king and about 1500 beautiful and select horses were always kept ready in the royal stable.Crores of francs were spent for the maintenance of the luxurious mansions. Historians are of the opinion that the extravagance of the king and queen was responsible for emptying the royal coffers. He did not cut his coat according to his cloth.

5. The Power of the Court

On the eve of the French Revolution there were about seventeen courts of law in France. No book of law was available for the guidance of the judges, but in each court there was a register of laws.The laws were made by the will of the king. About 400 different types of laws were in force in France. What was applicable at one place might not be in force at another place.Thus the laws in France did not have universality and their applicability differed from place to place.

6. Disability and Unworthiness of the Rulers

The French monarchy had become completely immoral and corrupt during the reign of Louis XVI. There was a countrywide discontentment and dejection in France due to the evil deeds of the king. Robertson has written: "Louis XVI was one of the least kingly figures who ever wore a crown. He was slow-witted, sleepy, self-indulgent and with no interest but hunting, shooting, love-making and the theatre."He was greatly influenced by his queen who herself was a spendthrift lady with no love for the country. The king was merely a rubber stamp in the hands of his queen. He failed to bring about reform due to her evil influence.Consequently the fire of revolution went on smouldering within the country. If Louis XVI had exercised his mind and did something for the good of the people, the current of revolution should have been slowed down, if not completely stemmed.

7. Burden of Taxes

The general masses had to pay 80% of their income in taxation. They were not only groaning under the burden of these heavy taxes but also compelled to lead a very miserable life.The members of the royal family, the nobles and the upper clergy, who were the wealthiest persons in the French society, were -exempted from all taxes. Moreover privileged classes, instead of paying any tax to the government, used realise taxes from the commoners.Apart from the royal taxes, peasantry had to pay various kinds of taxes to the church and the clergy. The nobles and lords also forced them to offer gifts and presents commoners also had to do forced labour on the estates of the nobles they got nothing for it.Hence, there was a feeling of discontentment resentment amongst the masses against the contemporary ruler and officials and they wished from the core of their heart that the present form of government should be replaced forthwith so that they might heave a sigh of relief.

8. Character of Queen

Marie Antoinette, the queen of Louis XVI was the daughter of Maria Theresa, the queen of Austria and sister of Joseph II, the emperor of Austria. She was very beautiful and luxury-loving lady and exercised a great influence upon her husband.She was an extravagant lady squandered a lot of money even when she was in the know of deteriorating economic condition of France.In fact Marie Antoinette's influence proved to be very dangerous for her husband and France both.

Thus, the political causes contributed much to the outbreak of the revolution.

 

February Revolution:

•  22nd February: Factory lockout on the right bank took place.
•  25th February: Duma was dissolved.
•  27th February: Police Headquarters ransacked. Regiments support the workers. Formation of Soviet.
•  2nd March: The Tsar abdicated his power. The Soviet and Duma leaders formed a Provisional Government for Russia.

The February Revolution had no political party at its forefront. It was led by the people themselves. Petrograd had brought down the monarchy, and thus, gained a significant place in Soviet history. Trade Unions grew in number. With no monarchy to rule the Russian future would now be decided by the constituent assembly which was going to be elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage.

October Revolution:

•  16th October: A Military Revolutionary Committee was appointed by Soviet.
•  24th October: The uprising against the provisional government begins. Military Revolutionary Committee controls the city by night and ministers surrender. The Bolshevik gained power.

The October Revolution was primarily led by Lenin and his subordinate, Trotskii and involved the masses who supported these leaders. It marked the beginning of Lenin's rule over the Soviet, with the Bolsheviks under his guidance. The Bolshevik party after the revolution came to be known as the Russian Communist Party.

Russian Revolution, also called Russian Revolution of 1917, two revolutions in 1917, the first of which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial government and the second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power. On November 6 and 7, 1917 (or October 24 and 25 on the Julian calendar, which is why the event is often referred to as the October Revolution), leftist revolutionaries led by Bolshevik Party leader Vladimir Lenin launched a nearly bloodless coup d'état against the Duma's provisional government. October Revolution, also called Bolshevik Revolution, (Oct. 24–25 [Nov. 6–7, New Style], 1917), the second and last major phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, in which the Bolshevik Party seized power in Russia, inaugurating the Soviet regime. See Russian Revolution of 1917.