Climate refers to the sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for a long period of time (more than thirty years).

Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere over an area at any point of time.

The elements of weather and climate are the same, i.e. temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation. On the basis of the monthly atmospheric conditions, the year is divided into seasons such as:

• Winter
• Summer
• Rainy Seasons

Climatic Controls

The climate of any place depends on the following factors:

1) Latitude

The amount of solar energy received varies according to latitude due to the curvature of the earth. That’s why air temperature generally decreases from the equator towards the poles.

2) Altitude

The atmosphere becomes less dense and temperature decreases when we go to the higher altitude from the earth surface. This is the reason why hills are cooler during summers.

3) Pressure and wind system

The pressure and wind system of any area depends on the latitude and altitude of the place. It influences the temperature and rainfall pattern.

4) Distance from the sea

The sea exerts a moderating influence on the climate. As the distance from the sea increases, its moderating influence decreases and people experience extreme weather conditions. This condition is known as continentality i.e. very hot during summers and very cold during winters.

5) Ocean currents

Ocean currents along with onshore winds affect the climate of the coastal areas. For example, any coastal area with warm or cold currents flowing past it, will be warmed or cooled if the winds are onshore.

6) Relief features

Relief plays a major role in determining the climate of a place. High mountains act as barriers for cold or hot winds. They may also cause precipitation if they are high enough and lie in the path of rain-bearing winds. Precipitation is any form of moisture which falls to the earth. It includes rain, snow, hail and sleet.

Factors Affecting India’s Climate

By the end of 1940, Hitler was at the pinnacle of his power and now he moved towards Eastern Europe, after defeating France in the west he attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941. In this historic blunder, Hitler exposed the German western front to British aerial bombing and the eastern front to the powerful Soviet armies. The Soviet Red Army inflicted a crushing and humiliating defeat on Germany at Stalingrad. After this, the Soviet Red Army hounded out the retreating German soldiers until they reached the heart of Berlin, establishing Soviet power over the entire Europe for half a century thereafter.

During the conflict, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers) fought against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan and the United States (the Allied Powers).

Mechanism of monsoon

• Due to Sun, there is differential heating of land and water.
• The Intertropical Convergence Zone or ITCZ shifts over Ganga plains during the Summer.
• The high-pressure area, east of Madagascar affects the monsoon.
• Due to strong vertical air currents and formation of high pressure over Tibetan plateau, the plateau gets intensely heated during the summer.
• Southern Oscillation affects the monsoon.

Farming is the main production activity in Palampur village.

1. Palk strait
2. Vembanad lake
3. Wular lake
4. Andaman and Nicobar islands
5. Lakshadweep

The guillotine is a device consisting of two poles and a blade with which a person is beheaded. It was named after Dr . Guillotine who invented it. Ans) the population of France rose fromabout 23 million in 1715 to 2 8million in 1789.

The activities included in agricultural practices:

i. Preparation of soil

ii. Sowing

iii. Adding manure and fertilizers

iv. Irrigation

v. Protection from weeds

vi. Harvesting

vii. Storage

 As a Schoolchild in Nazi Germany I have been conditioned to behave in a particular manner since I was three years old. First I was given a flag to wave, to show my patriotism. I was told that men's and women's roles in life were totally different. We were told that the fight for equal rights of men and women was a thing of the past as it would destroy our society today. We boys were taught to be aggressive, masculine and steel hearted, while the girls were told that they had to become good mothers and rear pure-blooded Aryan children. The girls had to maintain the purity of the race, distance themselves from Jews, look after the home, and teach their children Nazi values. They had to be the bearers of the Aryan culture and race.   I had to take an oath of loyalty to Hitler, proclaiming him as the savior of the country. I have been told that after finishing school, I will join the Hitler Youth Organisation. This will be followed by military service, which is compulsory. 

Elections

• Elections are a democratic way of selecting representatives.
• Democracy ensures the right choice of the people’s representatives at regular interval of time.
• They ensure that the representatives rule as per the wishes of the people.
• Elections help voters to choose representatives who will make laws for them, form the government and take major decisions.
• The voters can choose the party whose policies will guide the government and lawmaking.
• Thus election is a mechanism by which people can choose their representatives at regular intervals and change them if they wish to.

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<a href="https://mycbseguide.com/blog/electoral-politics-class-9-notes-political-science/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://mycbseguide.com/blog/electoral-politics-class-9-notes-political-science/&ved=2ahUKEwjFp4PU8MTsAhWI8HMBHSqAC0wQFjADegQIAxAC" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Electoral Politics class 9 Notes Political Science - myCBSEguide</a>

Andaman nicobar island :-
1> These are situated in bay of bengal.
2> These are large in size .
3> It has population of nearly 380,500 people.

lakshadeep island
1>These are situated in arabian sea .
2> These are small in size .
3>It has population of nearly 64,429 people.

The Indian constitution truly represents the people of India as it was drafted by the Constituent Assembly comprising of representatives from every community of the country. It was done so to give equal representation, and adequately focus on the concerns of each community of the country.
Apart from eminent members like Dr B.R. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Purushottam Mavalankar, Sandipkumar Patel, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, the constituent assembly had more than 30 members of the scheduled classes, several women members like Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh.
Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha community, Harendra Coomar Mookerjee represented the Christian community, Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community, and H. P. Modi represented the Parsi community, thus ensuring the aspirations of all sections of the country taken into account while drfating the constitution.

The Constitution of India was made after a series of events that led to it's making:

1) Nationalism arose in people of India, which raised the demand of sovereignty and own Constitution.

2)Draft of Constitution was prepared in 1928 by Motilal Nehru and his companions which reflected the belief and ideology of Indians.

3) In 1935, the Indian National Congress officially demanded a Constituent Assembly to frame the Constitution of India 

4) Constituent Assembly was constituted in 1946 and was entrusted with the responsibility of preparing India's own Constitution.

5) After the Independence, the Assembly was made fully Sovereign body, the partition raised the demand of sovereign recognition of State, the Constituent Assembly adopted Constitution on November 26, 1949.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels added other ideas regarding socialism and communism and one such example is the  Marxist Theory:
Society was capitalist. Capitalists owned capital and profit was by workers.
Condition of workers will not improve if profit is collected by capitalists.
Workers should overthrow capitalism exploitation and construct a radically socialist society. 
 

Gross National Product (GNP) is Gross Domestic Product (GDP) plus net factor income from abroad. Description: GNP measures the monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced by the country's factors of production irrespective of their location.

Demerits of democracy:

• Democracy is all about political competition and power play. There is no scope for morality.
• Consultation in a democracy from many people leads to delays.
• Not knowing the best interest of the people by the elected leaders leads to bad decisions.
• Democracy leads to corruption for it is based on electoral competition.

We need a Constitution because :

(i)     It generates a degree of trust and coordination that is necessary for different kind of people.

(ii)   It specifies how the government will be constituted.

(iii) It lays down limits on the powers of the government.

(iv)  It tells us what are the rights of the citizens.

(v)   It expresses the aspirations of the people.

(vi)  It defines the nature of the country's political system which runs the nation.

A Constitution is necessary because of the following reasons:

• It is an important law of the land. It determines the relationship of the citizens with the governments.
• It lays down principles and guidelines which are required for people belonging to different ethnic and religious groups to live in harmony.
• It specifies on how the Government would be elected and who will have the power and the responsibility to take important decisions.
• It outlines the limits on the power of the Government and tells us about the rights of the citizens.
• It expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society.

Dairy, small manufacturing, transport, shopkeeping etc. are the non-farm activities carried out in Palampur.

All the workers,quarters and factories were located on the right bank of the river Neva. On the left bank were the fashionable areas, the Winter Palace, official buildings and the palace where Duma met. In February 1917, there was severe food shortage in workers’ quarters. On 22 February, a lockout took place at a factory leading to a strike by the workers. In other factories also, workers went on strikes and women led the way to the strikes. This came to be called, ‘The International Women’s Day’. The workers ultimately crossed the river and surrounded the official buildings in protest. The government imposed a curfew and called out the cavalry and police to keep a check on them.

• In 1774, Louis XVI becomes the king of France and faces empty treasury due to long years of war which drained financial resources and discontent within the society was increasing.
• He helped 13 American colonies to gain their independence from the common enemy, Britain. This war added more than 3 billion livres for which the moneylenders began to charge 10% interest on loans.
• To meet its regular expenses, such as the cost of maintaining an army, the court, running government offices or universities, the state was forced to increased taxes.

Hitler was very ambitious and in his foreign policy, he took several steps to expand his empire. In 1938 he integrated Austria and Germany under the slogan "One people, One empire, and One leader".