A communist state, also known as a Marxist–Leninist state, is a state that is administered and governed by a single communist party guided by Marxism–Leninism. Marxism–Leninism was the state ideology of the Soviet Union, the Comintern after Bolshevization and the communist states within the Comecon, the Eastern Bloc and the Warsaw Pact. Marxism–Leninism remains the ideology of several communist states around the world and the official ideology of the ruling parties of China, Cuba, Laos and Vietnam.

Communist states are typically administered by a single, centralized party apparatus. Although some provide the impression of multiple political parties, these are all solely in control by that centralized party. These parties are usually Marxist–Leninist or some national variation thereof such as Maoism or Titoism, with the official aim of achieving socialism and progressing toward a communist society. There have been several instances of communist states with functioning political participation processes involving several other non-party organizations such as direct democratic participation, factory committees and trade unions.

Germany made initial gains by occupying France and Belgium. However the allies (England, France and Russia) strengthened by US entry in 1917, won, defeating Germany in November 1918.

The Bay of Bengal Branch of South West Monsoon, after striking the West Bengal coast, goes up the Ganga valley and covers Bihar, UP, and reaches the Aravalli hills (Rajasthan), where it meets with the Arabian Sea Branch (Monsoon Lul) and finally, starts to retreat.

Ans. In China, elections are regularly held after every five years for electing the country’s parliament, called Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui (National People’s Congress). The National People’s Congress has the power to appoint the President of the country.

Role of women in Nazi society followed the rules of a largely patriarchal or male-dominated society. Hitler hailed women as "the most important citizen" in his Germany, but this was true for only Aryan women who bred pure-blooded Aryan children. Motherhood was the only goal they were taught to reach for, apart from performing the stereotypical functions of managing the household and being good wives. This was in stark contrast to the role of women in the French Revolution where women led movements and fought for rights to education and equal wages. They were allowed to form political clubs, and schooling was made compulsory for them after the French Revolution.

The sailent features of it are:

1. It is the lengthiest Constitution in the world. It contains 449 Articles in 25 parts, 12 Schedules, 5 Appendices and 101 Amendments. It has uniqueblend of rigidity and flexibility.
2. It generates a degree of trust and coordination that is necessary for different communities of people to live together in our country.
3. It incorporates Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State policy, universal adult suffrage and an independent judiciary which are the main aspects of Indian Constitution.
4. It declares India as a secular state which means that all religions are treated with equal respect by the government.
5. The Indian Constitution needs to be amended quite regularly to keep it updated.

Regular electoral competitions provide incentives to political parties and leaders.
They know that if they raise issues that people want to be raised, their popularity and chances of victory will increase in the next elections.
But if they fail to satisfy the voters with their work, they will not be able to win again.

In India, a national assembly of elected representatives is called Parliament.
The major powers and junctions of the Parliament are
(i) The Parliament is the final authority for making laws in any Country. In India, it makes laws on the subjects of Union List, Concurrent List and in certain cases on State List.
(ii) The Parliament can pass a resolution of no-confidence against the ministry and ask it to resign. Those who run the government can take decisions only so long as they enjoy support of the Parliament.
(iii) The Parliament controls all the money that government has. The governmental budget is passed in the Parliament.
(iv) The Parliament is the highest forum of discussion and debate on public issues and national policies.
(v) The Parliament can seek information from and ask questions to the government and its ministers on any matter.
(vi) The Parliament elects President, Vice-President, Speaker, Deputy Speaker, Vice-Chairman of Rajya Sabha, etc. It can also remove President, Vice¬President, Judges of the Supreme Court and High . Courts by passing a resolution of impeachment against them.

Following are five important causes for the rise of Nazism:

Humiliating Treaty of Versailles - The terms of the Versailles Treaty were seen as completely humiliating and the Germans blamed the political leadership of the Weimar Republic for the humiliation. This widespread resentment and humiliation was harnessed by Hitler to gain political mileage. He exhorted the Germans to throw the Treaty into the waste-paper basket, rebuild the German empire, recapture lost colonies and avenge the humiliation faced by Germany.

Growing Fear of Communism - After the Bolshevik Revolution, the Communist influence in Germany also increased. They organised themselves politically and succeeded in winning several seats in the Reichstag. Hitler was a staunch anti-Communist and raised the bogey that if Communists came to power they would follow the diktats of their Russian comrades blindly.

Economic Crisis - As a result of the harsh terms of the Versailles Treaty, Germany had to suffer in agricultural production, colonies, foreign investments, trade contracts, etc. Foreign countries raised tariff against German goods, unemployment and debt of the peasantry increased to such an extent that in June 1931, it went upto 300 million dollars. Hitler promised farmers that he would pardon their debt and promised the capitalists that there would be no nationalisation of industries. The Nazis in general assured the people that if they supported Nazism, all their problems would vanish.

Resurgence of Militant Nationalism - The Germans could not reconcile with the intricacies of the democratic parliamentary system and preferred prestige and glory over liberty and freedom. They felt that only a strong man could restore the past prestige of Germany and check Communism.

Absence of Strong Opposition - The rise of the Nazi party can be partly blamed on the absence of any strong opposition group or political party. As a result, the Nazi Party didn’t have any serious political opposition and nobody could check the rise in its popularity.

Some of the major features of a democracy are:

• The final decision making power rests with those elected by the people.
• It must be based on a free and fair election.
• Each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value.
• It should rule within limits set by constitutional law and citizens’ rights.

A political campaign is an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision making progress within a specific group. In democracies, political campaigns often refer to electoral campaigns, by which representatives are chosen or referendums are decided.

In India, election campaigns take place for a two-week period between the announcement of the final list of candidates and the date of polling. During this period the candidates contact their voters, political leaders address election meetings and political parties mobilise their supporters. The publicity is also done through newspapers, television channels, election meetings, posters, etc. In election campaigns, political parties try to focus public attention on some big issues for which usually catchy slogans are created to attract people's attention.

Education: Years of schooling and child enrollment (education) 
Health: Child mortality and nutrition 
Standard of Living: Electricity, flooring, drinking water, sanitation, cooking fuel and assets 

The physical features of India are grouped under the following physiographic divisions:

1. The Himalayan Mountains
2. The Northern Plains
3. The Peninsular Plateau
4. The Indian Desert
5. The Coastal Plains
6. The Islands

Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people.

• Myanmar where the army rules, Dictator Pinochet’s rule in Chile, or President N.krumah’s rule in Ghana was not democratic. They were not chosen by the people.
• Hereditary kings, like the king of Nepal or Saudi Arabia, are also not democratic rulers.They rule because they were born into noble families.

Nazis wanted an exclusive racial community of pure Germans. Nazis wanted only a society of ‘pure and healthy’ Nordic Aryans. This meant that even those Germans who were seen as impure or abnormal had no right to live. Jews were considered undesirable. Many Gypsies and Blacks were also considered as inferior Germans. Even Russians and Polish were considered subhuman and were forced to work as slave labourers. Many of them died through hard work and starvation.

a. Plate tectonics is the theory that states that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere. Plate tectonics is the modern version of continental drift. The plates consist of two principal types of material, oceanic crust, and continental crust. The earth is considered to have 15 major tectonic plates. Seven of which are primary plates and the rest are secondary plates. The primary plates are the African plate, the Antarctic plate, the Eurasian plate, the Indo-Australian plate, the North American plate, the Pacific plate, and the South American plate. The secondary plates are the Arabian plate, the Caribbean plate, the Cocos plate, the Juan de Fuca plate, the Indian plate, the Nazca plate, the Philippine Sea plate and the Scotia plate

According to the Theory of Plate Tectonics, the Earth's crust was initially a single, giant super-continent called Pangea. Its northern part was the Angara land and the southern part was the Gondwana land. The convectional currents split the crust into a number of pieces, thus leading to the drifting of the Indo- Australian plate after being separated from the Gondwana land, towards north. The northward drift resulted in the collision of the plate with the much larger Eurasian Plate.

Due to this collision, the sedimentary rocks which were accumulated in the geosyncline known as theTethys were folded to form the mountain system of western Asia and Himalaya.

India lies entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. The mainland extends between latitudes 84'N and 376'N and longitudes 6871E and 9725'E. The Tropic of Cancer (2330'N) divides the country into almost two equal parts. To the southeast of the mainland lies the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. To the southwest of the mainland lies the Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea. The extent of the Andaman and Nicobar islands is-Latitudinal extent : 645'N to 14N Longitudinal extent : 92E to 94E The extent of the Lakshadweep islands is-Latitudinal extent : 8N to 123'N Longitudinal extent : 71E to 74'E The southernmost point of the Indian union is Indira Point.

The contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini:
1. He was a member of a secret society in Carbonari. At the age of 24, he was exiled for an attempt in a revolution in Liguria.
2. He found two underground societies- Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne. Its members were from Poland, France, German states and Italy.
3. Many secret societies were set up following his model and this scared the conservatives.

It means the mass murder of selected groups of innocent civilians of Europe. Nazis killed the Jews, Gypsies and the Polish civilians. They killed people in poisoned gas chambers. Number of people killed included six million Jews, 2,00,000 Gypsies, one million Polish civilians, 70,000 Germans, who were considered mentally and physically disabled besides many political opponents.

Soviet means an elected local, district, or national council in the former Soviet Union.

The political system of the SovietUnion was characterized by the superior role of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), the only party permitted by the Constitution .

What was the opinion of the Germans about the new Weimar Republic?

ANSWER
Many Germans held the new Weimar Republic for not only the defeat in the First World War but the disgrace at Versailles.