Human capital means the knowledge & enterprise needed to be able to put together the other factors of production into an output for self use or to sell in the market.

Human capital formation is the process of adding to the stock of human capital over time. 

Human capital can be developed through the creation of skilled, trained, and efficient labor force by providing better education, health care facilities, etc. Highly skilled people can create new ideas and methods of production

General elections: 

1. Elections that takes place after every five years to elect Lok Sabha or legislative assembly and that are held in all constituencies at the same time, either on the same day or within a few days are called general election.

2. General election held to elect a national government.

3. The General election held after every five years.

4. General elections held in all the constituency at the same time.

 

By elections: 

1. Election that takes place only for one constituency to fill the vacant seat caused by death or resignation of a member are referred as by-election.

2. By Election held to elect a single M.P

3. By election held if an elected member dies while in office or the seat falls vacant due to other reason such as resignation.

4. By election held in a single constituency.

 

The proportion of people in developing countries living in extreme economic poverty i.e. on less than $ 1 per day as defined by World Bank has fallen from 28% in 1990 to 21% in 2001.     There has been a substantial reduction in global poverty, but it is marked with great regional differences  
(a) Poverty declined substantially in China and South Asian countries as a result of rapid economic growth and massive development.
 (b) The number of poor in China has come down from 606 million 1981 to 212 million in 2001.  
(c) In the countries of South Asia (India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan) the decline has not been so rapid, it has declined marginally from 475 million in 1981 to 428 million in 2001.   
(d) In the Sub Saharan Africa, poverty rose from 41% in 1981 to 46% in 2001.  
 (e) In Latin America the ratio of poverty has remained the same. 
  (f) Poverty has resurfaced in some of the former socialist countries like Russia, where it was non-existent earlier.   

A common method used to measure poverty is based on income or consumption levels. A person is considered poor if his or her income or consumption level falls below a given “minimum level” necessary to fulfill basic needs. While determining the poverty line in India, a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel and light, educational and medical requirement, etc. are determined for subsistence. These physical quantities are multiplied by their prices in rupees. The resent formula for food requirements while estimating the poverty line is based on the desired calorie requirement. As per 2000 figures; a family of five which is earning less than Rs. 1,640 per month is considered to be living below the poverty line. This figure is Rs. 2,270 per month for the urban area. The expected calorie intake has been fixed at 2400 calories per person in rural areas and 2100 calories in urban areas. A person consuming less than this amount is considered to be living below the poverty line.

A common method used to measure poverty is based on income or consumption levels. A person is considered poor if his or her income or consumption level falls below a given “minimum level” necessary to fulfill basic needs. While determining the poverty line in India, a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel and light, educational and medical requirement, etc. are determined for subsistence. These physical quantities are multiplied by their prices in rupees. The resent formula for food requirements while estimating the poverty line is based on the desired calorie requirement.

As per 2000 figures; a family of five which is earning less than Rs. 1,640 per month is considered to be living below the poverty line. This figure is Rs. 2,270 per month for the urban area. The expected calorie intake has been fixed at 2400 calories per person in rural areas and 2100 calories in urban areas. A person consuming less than this amount is considered to be living below the poverty line.

The functions of Election Commission of India are:
1. To conduct all the elections to Parliament and to State Legislature.
2. To conduct election to the office of the President and the Vice-President.
3. The superintendence, direction and control of preparation of electoral rolls.

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Democractic government  

• A democratic government is elected by people and the head of the country is elected for a fixed period of time.
• Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation. As a result, democratic political systems take time in executing decisions.
• In a democracy, decisions of the Government are acceptable to the people and are more effective in redressal of the public’s concerns.
• A democratic government is responsible and accountable to the people

Right answer is JEAN CASTEX .??

Louis xvi

< EC takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections from the announcement of elections to the declaration of results. < It implements the Code of Conduct and punishes any candidate or party that violates it. < During the election period, the EC can order the government to follow some guidelines, to prevent use and misuse of governmental power to enhance its chances to win elections, or to transfer some government officials. < When on election duty, government officers work under the control of the EC and not the government.

Since the weather in Rajasthan is very hot and receives very less rainfall, the houses have thick walls and flat roofs. This is because these thick walls prevent the heat from entering into the houses while the flat roofs help to retain the little water that has been collected during rainfall.

Houses in Rajasthan have thick walls to prevent sunlight from entering the house and keep house cool. They have flat roofs because they get scanty rainfall, if it rains, flat roofs help in collecting water to keep house cool and for storage purposes like drying dates.

Implications of having large boundaries and vast coastline :-
1) India has a strategic position in South Asia, which connects both East and West Asia.
2) Its strategic location helps the country to maintain trade and commerce links with countries in both East and West Asia.
3) It helps in greater social contact and cultural exchange with other countries.
4) India can easily establish connectivity with European and African countries.
5) The great Himalayas in the North serve as a natural barrier from any of intrusion thereby give it a military and political advantage.
6) Moderating effect caused because of proximity to sea which is dominating in the peninsular region and determines a maritime type of climate.
7) A greater number of ports leading to a higher trade.
8) Large amount of marine resources.

Allied powers, also called Allies, those countries allied in opposition to the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey) in World War I or to the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) in World War II.

allied powers:

- USA

- Great Britian

- France

- Soviet Union

 

Axis Power:

- Germany

- Italy

- Japan

 

Some of the major features of a democracy are:

• The final decision making power rests with those elected by the people.
• It must be based on a free and fair election.
• Each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value.
• It should rule within limits set by constitutional law and citizens’ rights.

According to American political scientist Larry Diamond, democracy consists of four key elements: a political system for choosing and replacing the government through free and fair elections; the active participation of the people, as citizens, in politics and civic life; protection of the human rights of all citizens; ... A good democracy is defined as an institutional structure that understands the liberty and equality of citizens through the correct functioning of the government and its method. Also, it is an regime that should completely satisfy the citizens with its result.

The voters who live in an area elect the one representative. 
(ii) Voters' List: Once the constituencies are decided, the next step is to decide who can and who cannot vote. This decision cannot be left to anyone till the last day. In a democratic election, the list of those who are eligible to vote is prepared much before the election and given to everyone.
(iii) Nomination of Candidates: Every person who wishes to contest an election has to fill a nomination form by the due date, which the Election Commission fixes. Every candidate has to give some money as security deposit alongwith nomination form. 
(iv) Election Campaign: Election campaigns take place for a two-week period between the announcement of the final list of candidates and the date of polling. During this period the candidates contact their voters, political leaders address election meetings and political parties mobilise their supporters. 
(v) Polling and Counting of Votes: The final stage of an election is the day when the voters cast or poll their vote. That day is usually called the election day. Every person whose name is on the voters' list can go to a nearby polling booth. Once the voter goes inside the booth, the election officials identify him/her,  put a mark on his/her finger and allow him/her to cast his/her vote. There are electronic voting machines (EVMs) which are used to record votes. The machine shows the names of the candidates and the party symbols. What the voter has to do is to press the button against the name of the candidate he/she wants to give his/her vote. 
Once the polling is over, all the EVMs are sealed and taken to a secure place. A few days later, on a fixed date, all the EVMs from a constituency are opened and the votes secured by each candidate are counted. The candidate who secures the highest number of votes from a constituency is declared elected.

I think you should read this chapter twice time for better consideration. Also, Every chapter of history ends with something good or in the favour of good thinking people. Like, struggle of people struggling there got their rights and if any party was ruling there which had very crucial terms and made the life of people living there a hell would have also come to end. Thank you!

Laws are those thread which bond us and prevent us for being away from social evilness,crimes and also protect us from these things as well we are socialized people many evil thinkers are present around us and the laws protects us to be safe in these days. And dowry,female foeticide and rape cases are not stoping but the number are declining day by day due to the strictness of the laws...

: Laws are meant for the welfare and security of the people. They serve as a means of bringing about social change and establishing an egalitarian society. In a traditionally inequal society like India, plagued by social evils such as dowry, female foeticide and alcoholism, the need for laws become even more important are curb.

I can't understand please explain it in simple language

The French Revolution lasted roughly 10 years, beginning in 1789 and ending in 1799. The French Revolution ended in 1799 with a coup of militry by Napoleon Bonaparte, as he established himself as France’s first consul. The victory of Napoleon over the supposed conquerors re-established the military prowess of France. 

All have borne fruit and will bear more, still finer, as we advance towards those wide horizons opening out before us, where, like some great beacon to point the way, flame the words: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY.

Helping hand

Second Estate: Nobility belonged to 2nd estate of then French Society. Nobility was hereditary and hence a person could get nobility by birth. However, new members were also awarded nobility by monarchy after paying heavy taxes or outstanding service to the monarchy, i.e. nobility could be purchased also.

22 June 1941 – 5 December 1941

In 1941

1966 green revolution held in India

Under premiership of Congress leader Indira Gandhi, the Green Revolution within India commenced in 1966, leading to an increase in food grain production, especially in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.

ANSWER : "One people, One empire, and One leader".
Hitler was very ambitious and in his foreign policy, he took several steps to expand his empire. In 1938 he integrated Austria and Germany under the slogan "One people, One empire, and One leader".

There are many variations in electoral systems, but the most common systems are first-past-the-post voting, the two-round (runoff) system, proportional representation and ranked voting. Some electoral systems, such as mixed systems, attempt to combine the benefits of non-proportional and proportional systems.

When elections are held in all the constituencies at the same time. either on the same day or within few days, this is called general elections.

Sometimes, election is held only for one constituency to fill the vacancy caused by death or resignation of a member. This is called a by-election.

On the basis of regions from west to east and the rivers flowing, the great Himalayas have been divided into four divisions:
(a) Punjab Himalayas: This part lies between the Indus and Sutlej. They are also known as Kashmir Himalaya and Himachal Himalaya.
(b) Kumaon Himalayas: This part lies between Sutlej and Kali rivers.
(c) Nepal Himalayas: This part lies between the Kali and Tista rivers.
(d) Assam Himalayas: This part lies between the Tista and Dihang rivers.

1)the rule of tsar nicholas was very autocratic , people don't have any freedom and rights. 2)all the taxes were paid by the workers and the peasents. 3)the tsar built large empire which include many nationalities. tsar imposed russian language on them.

1) the rule of tsar nicholas was very autocratic , people don't have any freedom and rights.
2) all the taxes were paid by the workers and the peasents.
3) the tsar built large empire which include many nationalities.tsar imposed russian language on them.

Ans. Three organs of government are= • NIKHIL Tiwari ?? • Narendra Modi'?? • my friends ??

The three organs of the government are:

1. Legislature: It make laws.

2. Executive: It implement laws.

3. Judiciary: It punishes people guilty of violating the laws.

Tsar Nicholas II,he was not able to as he got guillotined as he tried to make his public angry by his rules and greediness

In 1914 Tsar Nicholas II was the leader of  Russian Empire as an absolute monarch, the throne he inherited from his late father, Alexander.The Empire included Poland, Finland and large parts of Transcaucasia.The majority were slaves and dozens of other nationalities of Jews and Turks.

He ruled majorly depending on advice from his wife who believed fervently in the autocratic power of the Russian monarchy. He also follows his father's policies by relying on men who advised his father.

Y

1. Social Inequality: French society in the eighteenth century was divided into three estates namely The Clergy, The nobility and third estates. First two estates, that is, the clergy and the nobility enjoyed certain privileges by birth. They were exempt from paying taxes. The Third estate comprises of businessmen, merchants, Peasants and artisans, labours had to pay taxes to the state.
2. Political Causes: Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France. France had a debt of more than 2 billion <i>livres</i>. To meet its regular expenses, such as the cost of maintaining an army, the court, running government offices or universities, the state was forced to increase taxes which angered the people.
3. Economic Problems: The population of France also increased from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789. Food grains were now in great demand. The price of bread shot up. Wages did not keep pace with rising prices. This led to subsistence crisis.

The upheaval was caused by widespread discontent with the French monarchy and the poor economic policies of King Louis XVI, who met his death by guillotine, as did his wife Marie Antoinette.

Many many years ago, when the Indo Australian plate moved towards Eurasian plate, due to convergent boundary type of of plate movement, Himalayas were formed by folding.

You go in mountain and see the formation ?????

The Himalayan mountain range and Tibetan plateau have formed as a result of the collision between the Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate which began 50 million years ago and continues today. 225 million years ago (Ma) India was a large island situated off the Australian coast and separated from Asia by the Tethys Ocean.

“Socialism is an economic organisation of society in which the material means of production are owned by the whole community and operated by representatives of the people, who are responsible to the community according to a general plan, all the members of community being entitled to the benefits from results of such socialised, planned production, on the basis of equal rights.”

There is no complete agreement as to what exactly socialism is. But the definition given by Prof. Dikinson seems to be better. Economist have compared socialism as a hat which has lost its shape because everybody wears it. It has been aptly remarked that “socialism has been called many things and many things have been called socialism”.