Hitler’s Foreign Policy When Hitler came power he was determined to make Germany a great power again and to dominate Europe. He had set out his ideas in a book called Mein Kampf (My Struggle) that he had written in prison in 1924. His main aims were
To destroy the Treaty of Versailles imposed on Germany after her defeat in World War One. Hitler felt the Treaty was unfair and most Germans supported this view.To unite all German speakers together in one country. After World War One there were Germans living in many countries in Europe e.g. Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland. Hitler hoped that by uniting them together in one country he would create a powerful Germany or Grossdeutschland.To expand eastwards into the East (Poland, Russia) to gain land for Germany (Lebensraum- living space).
His tactics involved using the threat of violence to achieve his aims. He realised that his potential foes, France and Britain, were reluctant to go to war and were prepared to compromise to avoid a repeat of World War One. He was also an opportunist who often took advantage of events for his own benefit.

On 5 may,1789 the meeting of estate general was called by king louis 16.A resplendent hall in Versailles was prepared to host the delegates. The purpose of calling the meeting is to pass the proposal of new taxes.The first and second estate has 300 members of each of them and were sitting in rows and there were 600 members of third estate who had to stand at the back. As always the voting scheme in france at that time was that one estate have one vote. But this time third estate want 1 person nd 1 vote.This was refused by the king.

Subsistence crisis is an extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are endangered. The Factors Responsible for this Type of Crises were: 
(i) The population of France rose from about 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789. This led to a rapid increase in the demand for foodgrains. Production of grains could not keep pace with the demand. So the price of bread which was the staple diet of the majority rose rapidly. Most worker were employed as labourers in workshops whose owner fixed their wages. But wages did not keep pace with the rise in prices. So, the gap between the poor and the rich widened. 
(ii) Things became worse whenever drought or haul reduced the harvest. This led to a subsistence crisis.

Legal framework order was an order issued by the General Pervez Musharraf which amended the constitution of Pakistan . According to this order, the president can dismiss the national and provincial assemblies . The work pf the civilian cabinet is supervised by the national security council which is dominated by military officers.

Public interest litigation is litigation for public interest i.e., it is a case filed in the interest of the public by a representative of the public. PIL was started to protect the fundamental rights of people who are poor, ignorant or in socially/economically disadvantaged position.

German Nazi Party member Joseph Goebbels became Adolf Hitler's propaganda minister in 1933, which gave him power over all German radio, press, cinema and theater.
In 1925 Goebbels met the party leader Adolf Hitler. In 1926 he was made Gauleiter, or party leader, for the region of Berlin and in 1927 he founded and became editor of the official National Socialist periodical der Angriff. He was elected to the Reichstag, the German parliament, in 1928. By  exploiting mob emotions and by employing all modern methods of propaganda Goebbels helped Hitler to gain power.
His work as a propagandist materially aided Hitler's rise to power in 1933. When Hitler seized power in 1933, Goebbels was appointed Reichsminister for propaganda and national enlightenment. From then until death, Goebbels used all media of education and communication to further Nazi propagandistic aims, instilling in the Germans the concept of their leader as a veritable god and of their destiny as the rulers of the world. In 1938 he became a member of the Hitler Cabinet Council.

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Unhealthy competition is oriented towards: Scarcity and fear. Competition is unhealthy when it presupposes that there's only a limited amount of success or achievement available out there in the world. In that way, it's based on scarcity and fear rather than abundance

The updated uniform standard used by World bank for poverty line is the minimum amount of 1.90 dollars / day.

• The minimal income of a person on a daily basis in a specific country is considered as the poverty line.
• The amount that defines this line is used to compare countries that are developing.
• The amount of poverty line updated in 2015, October by World Bank is of 1.90 dollars per day globally.
• This depicts the observation of UNO that the falling of poverty line is seen from 80 percent to 10 percent in 2015.
• The estimated people living in poverty by UNO is of 735 million.

Socialist ideology thus has both critical and constructive aspects. Critically, it provides an account of what’s wrong with capitalism; constructively, it provides a theory of how to transcend capitalism’s flaws, namely, by transcending capitalism itself, replacing capitalism’s central features (private property, markets, profits) with socialist alternatives (at a minimum social property, but typically planning and production for use as well).

Question 1.
What was genocidal war?
Answer:
It was a war started by Germany during the Second World War, which resulted in the mass murder of selected groups of innocent civilians of Europe.

Question 2.
What was the impact of the First World War on the political system of Germany?
Answer:

• The abdication of the emperor gave an opportunity to parliamentary parties to recast German polity.
• A democratic constitution was established with a federal structure.

Question 3.
Name the members of the Axis powers.
Answer:
Germany, Italy and Japan.

Question 4.
Name the members of the Allies.
Answer:
England, France and Russia.

Question 5.
What refers to the Secret State Police of Germany?
Answer:
Gestapo.

Question 6.
What is hyperinflation? Mention the factor responsible for this.
Answer:
It is a situation when there is very high price rise. It occurred in Germany after the First World War due to too much printing of currency.

Question 7.
What was the Enabling Act which was passed by Hitler after he took control over Germany?
Answer:
The Enabling Act was passed in 1933. It gave Hitler all powers to sideline the Parliament and the rule by decree. All political parties and trade unions were banned except the Nazi Party.

Question 8.
Name the Treaty which was signed by the Allies with Germany after the First World War.
Answer:
The Treaty of Versailles.

Question 9.
When was the Tripartite Pact signed? What was its importance?
Answer:
It was signed in 1940 between Germany, Italy and Japan. It strengthened Hitler’s claim to international power.

Question 10.
“The new republic established in Germany after the First World War was not received well by its own people”. Give reason. HOTS
Answer:
Because the new republic signed the Treaty of Versailles accepting all the demands of the Allies.

Question 11.
Who supported the Weimar Republic?
Answer:
Socialists, Communists and Democrats.

Question 12.
Why was the new Weimar Constitution introduced in August 1919 weak?
Answer:
Due to availability of much political party, frequent changes of government and difficulty to establish stability, Weimar constitution introduced in August 1919 became weak.

Question 13.
What is the term used for the German Parliament?
Answer:
eichstag.

Question 14.
Why was the Treaty of Versailles hated by Germany?
Answer:
Because Germany lost 75% of its iron and was demilitarized.

Question 15.
In Weimar Republic, which right was not given to the president according to the Article 48?
Answer:
Install Communism.

Question 16.
Among whom Tripartite Pact which strengthened Hitler’s claim to international power was signed?
Answer:
Germany, Italy and Japan.

Question 17.
When did Hitler become the Chancellor of Germany?
Answer:
1933.

Question 18.
What was Free Corps?
Answer:
It was a war veterans organisation which helped the Weimar Republic to crush the uprising of the workers or socialists.

Question 19.
Which year is known for the beginning of the Great Depression?
Answer:
1929.

Question 20.
Mention two provisions of Article 48 with reference to Germany.
Answer:

• It was the President to impose emergency.
• It provided powers to President to suspend Civil Rights.

The finest pottery in India is of the unglazed variety, and this is practically produced all over India in a variety of forms. Kangra and Andreta in Himachal Pradesh, Pokhran in Rajasthan, Meerut and Harpur in Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur in Maharastra, Kutch in Gujarat, Jahjjar in Haryana, Birbhum in Bengal and Manipur are famous for their special styles in pottery. Each region has its own specialty.

(i) Unemployment is said to exist when people who are willing to work at the going wages, cannot find jobs. So, unemployment leads to wastage of manpower resource.
(ii) People who are an asset for the economy, turn into a liability.
(iii) There is a feeling of hopelessness and despair among the youth.
(iv) People do not have enough money to support their family. Inability of educated people who are willing to work to find gainful employment implies a great social waste.
(v) Unemployment tends to increase economic overload. The dependence of the unemployed on the working population increases. The quality of life of an individual as well as of society is adversely affected.

The Bastille stood for the despotic power or autocratic rule of King Louis XVI. It was hated by all. This and a combination of other factors including rumours led to the demolition of The Bastille by the common people on 14 July 1798, also freeing the political prisoners who were held captive, though there were only 7 of them. The stone fragments of The Bastille were sold in markets to all those who wished to keep a souvenir of its destruction.

The time of a place depends on the longitude that passes through it. Therefore, the standard time for each country is usually taken as the time of the central meridian that passes through it. India has a vast longitudinal extent. Since many meridians pass through it, it is important to adopt the local time of one central meridian of a country as the standard time for the country.  Thus, we need a standard meridian for the country.  In India 82 ½ °E longitude determines the standard time. This is known as the Indian Standard Time. This longitude passes through Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh.

In French revolution there was no one to be the leader of the kingdom so, then Napoleon Bonaparte came.

He ruled the kingdom very cruely. under his rule, anyone do something wrong there was a punishment to death. Later on people think that his rule is very bad so they change him

M a t c h the following
A n s w e r :
1. Paramveer chakra 2. Military service

Fundamental duties day. 3. 6 January.

3. Soul of the constitution 1.Right to constitution remedies.