The five steps taken by Hitler to destroy democracy in Germany were:

• President Hindenburg gave the position of Chancellorship to the Hitler who was the highest position in the cabinet of ministers. When Hitler became powerful, he set out to deconstruct the structures which were the symbol of democratic rule. He was successful also when the mysterious fire broke out and demolished the German parliament building.

• On 3rd March 1933, the Enabling Act was passed which led to the establishment of the dictatorship in Germany. It gave him the power to sideline parliament and to rule the way he wanted.

• Except for the Nazi party, he banned all the political parties and trade unions. This way Hitler was able to completely establish dictatorship when he took complete control over the economy, media, army and judiciary.

• To run the society the way Nazis wanted Special surveillance and security forces were formed. These forces were given extra powers which made Nazi state most dreaded criminal state.

• With such powers, the state could detain people in Gestapo torture chambers, send to concentration camps, deported at will or arrested without any legal procedures.

Thus, he successfully dismantled all the symbols that stood for the Democratic rule and established Dictatorship.

The Indian ocean is named after India because:

• India holds a central location which is at the head of the Indian Ocean.
• India in ancient times was an important location in the Indian Ocean which connected Europe with countries of Southeast Asia.
• India also has the longest coastline in the region which no other country has in the Indian ocean

In a democracy, the rulers or the government is elected by the people. Political leaders are thus the representatives of the people. These leaders are not free to do whatever they like because they are elected by the people to work for the benefit of the common people. If the leaders do not work according to the wishes of the people, they may not get elected the next time. Thus, they have to work according to the wishes of the people.

The people of Bastar were self-dependent and took care of natural resource within their boundary. But the Colonial Government introduced reserved forest and imposed restriction on shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce.
Villagers were allowed to stay only if they provided free labour but others were displaced without any notification or compensation.
Organisation of Rebellion
Initiative was taken by Dhurwas of the Kanger forest to organise people.
It is said that many people protested under leadership of Gunda Dhur. They looted Bazaars, houses of officials and traders, schools and police stations were burnt and robbed and grains were redistributed among the people. They attacked anyone who were in some way or other associated with colonial state and its oppressive laws.

Raut Nacha is a traditional folk dance usually done by Yadavs (a caste which considers itself as descendants of Krishna) as symbol of worship to Krishna. Done at the time of 'Dev Udhni Ekadashi' (time of awakening of Gods after brief rest) according to Hindu panchang (calendar). The dance is a close resemblance of Krishna's Raas leela (dance of lord with his village's girls called gopis) with gopis.
Sua (Folk music) is a dance song of Gond women of Chhattisgarh state. It is a song sung by women on the festival of Deepawali. Sua means 'parrot'. Sua is a bird that speaks rote things. In this folklore, women sing songs conveying messages through parrots. Through this song, women express their heart's feelings with the belief that Sua (the parrot) will convey the agony of their heart to their lover. Therefore, it is sometimes called the 'Viyog' song.

☆A group of several people marched towards the part of city and stormed the fortress-prison.

☆The Storming of the Bastille where they hoped to find weapons.


☆On the morning of 14 July 1789, the city of Paris was in a state of alarm.


☆The Bastille represented royal authority in the centre of Paris.


☆At this point, the Bastille was nearly empty, housing only seven prisoners.


☆A mid the tensions of July 1789 the building remained as a symbol of royal tyranny.


☆The commander of Bastille was killed and prisoners were released. 

The bulk of the rainfall of the Coromandel Coast is derived from these cyclones and depressions. The retreat, or withdrawal, of monsoon, is a gradual process and takes a long time.

1) Independent Election Commission

In India, elections are conducted by the Election Commission (EC). The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) is appointed by the President of India. Election Commission is independent and has a wide-range of powers which are:

1. EC takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections from the announcement of elections to the declaration of results.
2. It implements the Code of Conduct and punishes any candidate or party that violates it.
3. During the election period, the EC can order the government to follow some guidelines, to prevent the use and misuse of governmental power to enhance its chances to win elections, or to transfer some government officials.
4. When on election duty, government officers work under the control of the EC and not the government.

2) Popular Participation

The quality of the election process can also be checked by seeing the participation of people. People’s participation in the election is measured by voter turnout figures. Turnout indicates the per cent of eligible voters who actually cast their vote.

1. In India, the poor, illiterate and underprivileged people vote in larger proportion as compared to the rich and privileged sections.
2. Common people in India feel that through elections they can bring pressure on political parties to adopt policies and programmes favourable to them.
3. The interest of voters in election related activities has been increasing over the years.

3) Acceptance of Election Outcome

One final test of the free and fairness of the election is the outcome of the election.

1. The ruling parties routinely lose elections in India both at the national and state level.
2. In the US, an incumbent or ‘sitting’ elected representative rarely loses an election. In India, about half of the sitting MPs or MLAs lose elections.
3. Candidates who are known to have spent a lot of money on ‘buying votes’ and those with known criminal connections often lose elections.
4. Barring very few disputed elections, the electoral outcomes are usually accepted as ‘people’s verdict’ by the defeated party.

Population is too much.Land is inherited .Each family when new members added by marriage or child birth the land gets sub divided making land holdings smaller after every generation.

Or

Land holdings in India are of very small size. Due to the increasing population the per, hectare availability of land is very low. The landholding is also scattered.

The land mass of India has an area of 3.28 million (3.28 lakh) square km; which comprises about 2.4% of the total geographical area of the world. India is the seventh largest country in the world.

A n s w e r : Socialists, Catholics, and Democrats supported the Weimar Republic.

Socialists, Catholics, and Democrats were the supporters of newly formed Weimar Republic. These supporters were also called 'November Criminals'.

In Pakistan, General Pervez Musharraf led a military coup in October 1999. He overthrew a democratically elected government and declared himself the ‘Chief Executive’ of the country. Later he changed his designation to President and in 2002 held a referendum in the country that granted him a five year extension.

Hitler borrowed racism from thinkers like Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer. Darwin was a natural scientist, who tried to explain the creation of plants and animals through the concept of evolution and natural selection. Herbert Spencer later added the idea of survival of the fittest. According to this idea, only those species survived on earth that could adapt themselves to changing climatic conditions. Darwin never advocated human intervention in what he thought was a purely natural process of selection. However, his ideas were used by racist thinkers and politicians to justify imperial rule over conquered people. The Nazi argument was simple: the strongest race would survive and the weak ones would perish. The Aryan race was the finest. It had to retain its purity, become stronger and dominate the world.

Hitler borrowed racism from thinkers like Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer. Darwin was a natural scientist, who tried to explain the creation of plants and animals through the concept of evolution and natural selection. Herbert Spencer later added the idea of survival of the fittest. According to this idea, only those species survived on earth that could adapt themselves to changing climatic conditions. Darwin never advocated human intervention in what he thought was a purely natural process of selection. However, his ideas were used by racist thinkers and politicians to justify imperial rule over conquered people. The Nazi argument was simple: the strongest race would survive and the weak ones would perish. The Aryan race was the finest. It had to retain its purity, become stronger and dominate the world.

The First World War left a deep imprint on European society and polity. It had a devastating impact on the entire continent which is stated in the following points
(i) Soldiers were ranked higher than civilians in the society. Trench life of the soldiers was glorified by the media.
(ii) Politicians and publicists laid great stress on the need for men to be aggressive and mascline.
(iii) Aggressive war propaganda and national honour occupied center stage in the public sphere.
(iv) People's support grew for the recently established dictatorships. Democracy as a young and gragile idea could not survive in the instabilities of inter-war Europe.

The peculiar features of Nazi thinking were:

• A belief in racial hierarchy and Lebensraum or living space.
• Nordic German Aryans were at the top, while the Jews formed the lowest rung of the racial ladder.
• They believed that only the strongest race would survive and rule. This was borrowed from Darwin's theory of natural selection.
•  New territories must be gained for enhancing the natural resources and power of Germany.

The Nazi regime used language and media with care, and often to
great effect. The terms they coined to describe their various
practices are not only deceptive. They are chilling. Nazis never
used the words ‘kill’ or ‘murder’ in their official communications.
Mass killings were termed special treatment, final solution (for the Jews),
euthanasia (for the disabled), selection and disinfections. ‘Evacuation’
meant deporting people to gas chambers.

 A ballot paper is actually a device meant for casting votes in an election, and maybe a piece of paper or a small ball used in secret voting. The word ballot derives from an Italian ‘ballotta’, which means a small ball used in voting or a secret vote taken by ballots in the city of Venice, Italy It is a printed form upon which voters mark their choices in an election.

EVM stands for Electronic Voting Machines. These are being used in Indian General and State Elections to implement electronic voting. EVMs helps in reducing the time in both casting a vote and declaring the results compared to the old paper ballot system.

• The 'Bhabar' is that narrow belt of the plain which is enclosed with pebbles and located along with the foothills of the Shiwaliks from the Indus to the Teesta.
• This belt is located along the numerous streams descending down the hills.
• It is 8 to 16 kms wide.
• It is the region at the start of the Northern Plains.

1. The Nazis were motivated by the vision of establishing a racial utopia in Europe. In this vision, only the Aryan people were fit to live. Other people like the Jews and the Eastern Europeans were unfit to live and should be killed.
2. To realize this vision, the Nazis started a systematic plan to kill such people. They started murdering Jews and the Slavic people of Eastern Europe in mass shootings in the occupied areas of Eastern Europe and Russia. When the rate of killing proved insufficient to satisfy the murderous intentions of the Nazis, they built extermination camps with gas chambers in the occupied territories. Jews were brought to these chambers from all over Europe under inhuman conditions from all over Europe. Once they arrived, the Jews were either made to work till death in the camps or immediately killed in the gas chambers using poison gas. This policy of extermination of innocent people by the Nazis has come to known as the Holocaust.
3. Apart from murdering innocent people, the Nazis also instituted an extensive programme of slave labour. Civilians in the captured territories were made to work in inhuman conditions to fuel the German economy and war machine. They were forced to work in German industries and in the manufacture of armaments. Thousands of people died working under such enslaved conditions.

• ​Apartheid was the system of racial discrimination or segregation on grounds of race unique to South Africa. The white Europeans imposed this system on South Africa. The system of apartheid divided the people and labelled them on the basis of their skin colour. The white rulers treated all non-whites as inferiors. ​

​The apartheid system was particularly oppressive for the blacks. ​​

• ​The non-whites did not have the voting rights. ​​ 
• ​Blacks could not form associations or protest against the terrible treatment.
• ​They could work in white areas only if they had a permit.
• They were forbidden from living in white areas.
• They could not even visit the Churches where the whites worshipped. ​​
• Trains, buses, taxis, hotels, hospitals, schools and colleges, libraries, cinema halls, theatres, beaches, swimming pools, public toilets, were all separate for the whites and blacks. This was called ‘segregation’.

(i) One of the major reasons for less effectiveness is the lack of proper implementation and right targeting.
(ii) Moreover, there has been a lot of overlapping of schemes.
(iii) Despite good intentions, the benefits of these schemes do not reach the deserving poor completely.
(iv) Therefore, the major emphasis in recent years is on proper monitoring of all the poverty alleviation programmes.

Indian Government still faces the challenge of poverty due to the following factors:
1. Rapid Growth Of Population:
Population growth at a faster rate increases labor supply which tends to lower the wage rate.
2. Unequal Distribution Of Land and Other Assets:
Unequal distribution of and and other assets indicates a high degree of poverty in India.
3. Decline of village Industries:
Village industries fail to compete with the rural industries in terms of quality and price. As a result, they close down leading unemployment.
4. Lack Of Employment Opportunities:
Unemployment is the reflection of poverty. 
5. Social Customs:
The rural-ties spend a large amount of annual incomes on social ceremonies like marriage, death feasts etc. As a result, they remain in debt and poverty.

• **Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY): It is a scheme started in 1995. The aim of the programme is to create self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns. They are helped in setting up small businesses and industries.
• Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP): It was launched in 1995. The aim of the programme is to create self-employment opportunities in rural areas and small towns. A target for creating 25 lakh new jobs has been set for the programme.
• Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY): It was launched in 1999. The programme aims at bringing the assisted poor families above the poverty line by organising them into self-help groups through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy.
• Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY): It was launched in 2000. Under this programme, additional Central assistance is given to states for basic services such as primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water and rural electrification

Human capital is referred to as the measure of the capabilities of labor which includes skills, working capacity, education, health and intelligence. The concept of human capital focuses on the point that not all resources are equal, but with proper training and investment that gap can be fulfilled.

Human resource refers to the people who are part of the workforce. The human resource plays a significant role in the economy of a country by contributing to productivity. The other resource becomes useful because of the input by the human resource.

Human capital means the knowledge & enterprise needed to be able to put together the other factors of production into an output for self use or to sell in the market.