(i) The constitution does not reflect the views of its members alone. It expresses a broad consensus of its time.

 (ii) Many countries of the world have had to rewrite their constitution afresh because the basic rules were not accepted to all major social groups or political parties.

(iii) The Constituent Assembly represented the people of India. There was no universal adult franchise at that time. So the Constituent Assembly could not have been chosen directly by all the people of India.

(iv) In social terms, the Assembly represented members from different language groups, castes, classes, religions and occupations. It was elected by the members of the existing provincial legislatures, ensuring a fair geographical share of members from all the regions of the country.

(v) The Constituent Assembly worked in a systematic, open and consensual manner. First, some basic principles were declared and agreed upon. Then a Drafting Committee chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar prepared a draft constitution for discussion. These documents were thoroughly studied with several debates and then presented.

 Over the last half a century, several groups have questioned some provisions of the constitution. But no large social group or political party has ever questioned the legitimacy of the constitution itself. This is an unusual achievement for any constitution.

Question.
Who constitute the free corps in Weimar Republic
A n s w e r:
It was a war veterans organisation which helped the Weimar Republic to crush the uprising of the workers or socialists. 

A Constitution of a country is a set of written rules that are accepted by all people living together in a country. Constitution is the supreme law that determines the relationship among people living in a territory and also the relationship between the people and government. A constitution performs several functions:
(i) It generates a decree of trust and coordination that is necessary for different kind of people to live together.
(ii) It species how the government will be constituted, who will have power to take which decisions.
(iii) It lays down limits on the powers of the government and tells us what the rights of the citizens are.
(iv) It expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society.

The Constituent Assembly worked in a systematic, open and consensual manner. Firstly some basic principles were decided or agreed upon. Then a Drafting Committee chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar prepared a draft constitution for discussion. Several rounds of thorough discussion took place on the Draft Constitution, clause by clause. More than
2000 amendments were considered. The members deliberated for 114 days spread over three years. Every document presented and every word spoken in the Constituent Assembly has been recorded and preserved to form 12 bulky volumes of Constituent Assembly Debates.

Answer:
The oppressor and the oppressed in this new democracy were planning to live together as equals. It was not going to be easy for them to trust each other. They had their fears. They wanted to safeguard their interests. The black majority was keen to ensure that the democratic principle of majority rule was not compromised. They wanted substantial social and economic rights. The white minority was keen to protect its privileges and property.

With too much of printed money in circulation, the value of German mark fell. As the value of German mark collapsed, prices of goods soared. The image of Germarts carrying cartloads of currency notes to buy a loaf of bread was widely publicised evoking worldwide sympathy. This crisis came to be known as ‘hyperinflation’ a situation when prices rise phenomenally high.

Ans: Slavery was finally abolished in 1848 by the French Second Republic.

Detailed explanation:

Before the French Revolution in 1789, France had three colonies of the Caribbean - Martinique, Guadeloupe and San Domingo under its control. These places were major suppliers of sugar, coffee, indigo and tobacco.
 
The triangular slave trade between Europe, Africa and America began in the 17^th century.
 
Merchants sailed from the French ports to the African coast where they bought Negroes, who are natives of Africa, from the local chieftains.
 
Port cities like Bordeaux and Nantes were flourishing economically because of the slave trade.
 
The National Convention voted to abolish slavery in all the French colonies on February 4, 1794.
 
Slavery was reintroduced in the French colonies by Napoleon Bonaparte. Slavery was finally abolished in 1848 by the French Second Republic.

CBSE Class 9 Social Science (087) Deleted Portion:

UNIT 1: INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – I (HISTORY)
Chapter No. and Chapter Name (NCERT Textbook)	Deleted Portion
Section 2: Livelihoods, Economies and Societies NOTE- ANY ONE OUT OF THESE TWO CHAPTERS (CH-4/CH5) Chapter IV: Forest Society and Colonialism Chapter V: Pastoralists in the Modern World	Complete Section (Both the Chapters)
UNIT 2: CONTEMPORARY INDIA – I (GEOGRAPHY)
Chapter No. and Chapter Name (NCERT Textbook)	Deleted Portion
Chapter 3: Drainage	Complete Chapter except for Map Items which will be assessed in the Examination
Chapter 6: Population	Complete Chapter
UNIT 3: DEMOCRATIC POLITICS – I (POLITICAL SCIENCE)
Chapter No. and Chapter Name (NCERT Textbook)	Deleted Portion
Chapter 2: Constitutional Design	Democratic Constitution in South Africa (Only)
Chapter 5: Democratic Rights	Complete Chapter
UNIT 4: ECONOMICS
Chapter No. and Chapter Name (NCERT Textbook)	Deleted Portion
Chapter 4: Food Security in India	Complete Chapter

On the morning of 14 July 1789, the city of Paris was in a state of alarm. The king had commanded troops to move into the city. Rumours spread that he would soon order the army to open fire upon the citizens. Some 7,000 men and women gathered in front of the town hall and decided to form a people’s militia. They broke into a number of government buildings in search of arms. Finally, a group of several hundred people marched towards the eastern part of the city and stormed the fortress-prison, the Bastille, where they hoped to find hoarded ammunition. In the armed fight that followed, the commander of the Bastille was killed and the prisoners were released

BIRTH OF THE WEIMER REPUBLIC

Germany fought the First World War (1914–1918) along with the Austrian empire and against the Allies (England, France and Russia).

Germany initially made gains by occupying France and Belgium. However, the Allies won defeating Germany and the Central Powers in 1918.

The defeat of the Imperial Germany and the abdication of the emperor gave an opportunity to parliamentary parties to recast German polity.A National Assembly met at Weimer and established a democratic constitution with a federal structure. The republic, however, was not received well by its own people largely because of the terms it was forced to accept after Germany’s defeat at the end of the First World War. Many

Germans held the new Weimer Republic responsible for not only the defeat in the war but the disgrace at Versailles.

Click on the given link for notes:

 

<a data-ved="2ahUKEwiE6MKq5OXtAhUEfSsKHTepDDMQFjAAegQIAxAC" href="https://mycbseguide.com/blog/history-nazism-rise-hitler/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://mycbseguide.com/blog/history-nazism-rise-hitler/&ved=2ahUKEwiE6MKq5OXtAhUEfSsKHTepDDMQFjAAegQIAxAC" rel="noopener" target="_blank">History-Nazism and the Rise of Hitler class 9 Notes Social ...</a>

Napoleon Bonaparte was the ruler of France. He was crowned as the king of France in December 1804. He was known as the ‘son of the revolution’.

 

<article data-post-id="81904" data-topic-id="66496" data-user-id="10501" id="post_2">

• After the French Revolution, France became a republic.
• The Jacobins introduced some radical reforms but they under Robespierre followed the policies so relentlessly that he himself was guillotine in July 1794.
• The fall of the Jacobin government allowed the wealthier middle class to seize power. Two legislative councils were elected, who then appointed a Directory, an executive made of five members
• Directors often clashed with legislative Councils and the latter sought to dismiss them.
• Political instability of the Directory paved the way for the rise of military dictator Napoleon Bonaparte<button aria-label="like this post" title="like this post">
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Napoleon Bonaparte was the ruler of France. He was crowned as the king of France in December 1804. He was known as the ‘son of the revolution’. He was an excellent general who recovered he lost territories. He Expanded his kingdoms through wars with Austria , Prussia and Russia between 1805-07. He passed the Napoleonic code in 1805 to simplify the administration. He was defeated very badly by the British General Arthur Wellesley at Waterloo in 1815. He was arrested and sent to the island of Saint Helena where he died in 1821.
 In 1799 Napoleon became the first council after overthrowing the role of directory. He acquired numerous powers and even opted for a plebiscite in which 99.9 % people voted for his new administrative system. He not only conquered new areas but also made peace treaties with the enemies. All this proves that he was an able administrator. He implemented many  reforms from 1799 till 1804 which are given as follows :
1.He stopped inflation through the financial reforms.

2. He established the Bank of France.

3. He resolve the long time confrontation with the Pope which was started with the confiscation of Church’s property in 1789. He event declared Catholic religion as a religion of the majority of French people.

4. Later on he introduced the Napoleonic code which became the basis of French legal system in the future.

A protected area reserved for the conservation of endangered species of flora (plants) and fauna (animals) in their natural habitat. The Sunderbans in the West Bengal and Nanda Devi in Uttaranchal are the two examples.

Uses of Biosphere Reserve

• In a biosphere reserve, endangered species of animals and plants are protected.
• This important heritage (of plants and animals) is transmitted to the future generations in all its natural vigour and glory.
• The surrounding areas are reserved for research work for the betterment of flora and fauna.

Kyoki unki maa ka bhosda tha

 

Discuss why Nazism became popular in Germany by 1930.  

Answer:

Nazism became popular for the following reasons   (i) After defeat in the First World War, Germany was forced to sign the harsh and humiliating Treaty of Versailles, in which it was made to accept the guilt for the war. The Germans felt disgraced and humiliated. Consequently, they were made to believe, by Hitler's oratory, that he would restore Germany to its former glory.   (ii) Political parties like the Communists, Socialists, Democrats, etc were not united. There were conflicts between them and the government became weak. The Nazi Party took advantage of the situation and captured power.   (iii) Democracy in Germany was relatively new and it was not strong. It did not appeal to the Germans. They wanted a party and a system that would re-establish the glory and prestige of Germany. So, they were attracted to the Nazi Party.   (iv) Hitler was a great orator and with his speeches he was able to sway the masses and win their confidence, He was able to convince them that he would undo the injustice done and bring back the glory and dignity of the German people. He promised employment for those looking for work. He won over the youth by promising them a secure future.   (v) He got the support of the Army, the industrialists and the landlords because he opposed communism and socialism, which these people also opposed. Thus, Hitler and the Nazi Party were able to win the support of all sections of Germans and so become popular.  

Science &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

• The wealthy middle class  replaced the jacobin government
• After the fall of the Jacobin government, the wealthy middle class seized power. A new constitution was introduced which provided for two elected legislative councils.
• These then appointed a Directory, an executive made up of five members. This was meant as a safeguard against the concentration of power in a one-man executive as was under the Jacobins.

Natural Vegetation: The naturally growing plant cover; without human aid; is called natural vegetation. The vegetation which has been left undisturbed by humans for a long time is called virgin vegetation.

 

Socialist were against the private property whereas liberals and radicals were the owners of private property and were in favour of private property.  According to socialist the private property was the root cause of all social ills whereas according to liberals and radicals according to them private property was a must for economic development.

Radicals: They wanted a nation where the government should be elected by a majority of the population and some of them wanted women to participate in the same.

1.Understand the concepts: Did you remember that in childhood, we use to memorize the concepts by the first letter and actually make blunders when the same letter is repeated twice or thrice. So to avoid this blunders at any cost that we need to understand the concepts well. If you are in CBSE Class 9 and you are attending geography subject then there are some of the important chapters such as: Resources, Mineral, Agriculture, Human Resources and several others wherein you need to understood the concept first and then memorize the short answers of that chapter.

 

2.Memorize descriptive answers: In social studies subject subjects like history and civics or geography need to be memorized as there are certain descriptive answers. Many times it happens that particularly in CBSE Class 9, some of the important concepts like are most important to study wherein you don’t have a choice but to memorize.

 

3.Prefer robust study materials: To memorize all the important terminology in CBSE Class 9 geography, you need a trusted materials that gives you each and every answer to your question. So you need to prefer a study materials that will give you a robust understanding of each concept. The study materials should contain certain important things like high interactive video lessons, NCERT based textbooks, terminology, solved question papers and so on.

 

4.Practice, Practice & more Practice: If you need to score well in the CBSE Class 9 geography examination. You need to start with an effective practice by solving more & more of sample papers, referring question banks and much more that will help you to score better marks in the examination. Practicing is a key to success to achieve good marks in CBSE Class 9 examination.

 

5.Revise all the concepts: Apart from memorizing or just gulping down the chapter answers, you need to revise all the concepts in order to understand what the CBSE Class 9 Geography is all about. There are certain important concepts you need to learn and focus if you need to excel well in the examination

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what project i cant understand

Let’s see if an independent J&K can be a viable entity. People especially in the Kashmir Valley have been provided for the last 70 years hundreds of thousands of crores in subsidised cheap food (perhaps cheapest in the world), subsidised firewood, subsidised salts, subsidised pesticides for orchards, subsidised agricultural pursuits, cheaper feeds for animals, liberal loans for training in professional colleges outside the state (never returned), huge subsidies for establishment of industrial units, liberal loans for housing and so on. There is hardly any sphere of life where people of Kashmir did not get preferential treatment. The population of the state is just 0.4% of the country yet it received 2.7% of the national development outlay. Five Year Plans were being totally financed by the Centre, as also assistance for staff salaries. While in other parts of the country various states are getting central assistance as 30 percent grants and 70 percent loans, Jammu and Kashmir is among the most favoured parts where Central assistance is being given as 90 percent grants and 10 percent as loan. In the country as a whole, over 15 percent people are homeless but in Kashmir Valley every family has got a ‘pucca’ house of its own. Such huge sums of money have been pumped into the Kashmir Valley to the neglect of other two regions of Jammu and Ladakh during all these years that they have resulted in regional imbalances and regional tension within the state. Massive loans taken from financial institutions have not been returned. Few taxes or Government dues are paid in the Valley. Electricity charges, water bills, telephone bills, sales tax bills, sales tax, excise duty - nothing is paid as share to the Central Government. Now, if some pro Pak misguided Kasmiris like SAS Gilani and Co of the Hurriyat want ‘independence’, you don’t need to be a rocket scientist to figure out the devastating financial effect on Kashmir and Kashmiris and their quality of life. Kashmiris who insist on independence or a merger with Pakistan must ask themselves whether they are better off in India? There would be no more freebies and subsidies. The crutches that they are so used to will be gone resulting in the further disintegration of the state due to civil unrest and discontent. Let’s get into the brass tacks to see if an Independent J&K would be viable or not. Firstly, even if India and Pakistan both granted independence to their portions of Kashmir, and the two portions merged, what would happen to the religious and sectarian minorities- the Hindus, Christians, Buddhists and Shia- within the state? Despite their demands for self-determination, Kashmiri Muslim political activists, let alone their insurgent counterparts, have never agreed to protect the rights of such nested minorities. Second, there’s little reason to believe such an entity would be economically viable. Kashmir is indeed a land of spectacular beauty and a tourist haven. However, tourism and agriculture alone would not be able to provide for the economic needs of the population. Before long it would prove to be yet another ward of the international community. Investors would think twice before investing in a land-locked country. Independence doesn’t guarantee economic prosperity. Thus, there won’t be enough money available to sustain a government in Kashmir and have enough funds for education, infrastructure, healthcare, defense, etc. It would not be able to fund such projects with the limited sources of income without running up monstrous debts which would quickly cripple the economy of the nation, scaring away investors, resulting in perpetual poverty, and finally in a collapse. Third, it is far from clear that if India chose to walk away from the portion of Kashmir that it controls, Pakistan would readily follow suit. Beset with sectarian, class and regional strife, Islamabad would be loath to dispense with a significant part of its country. Indeed Pakistan-controlled Kashmir’s exit could easily trigger a series of demands for secession elsewhere, particularly Balochistan and Sindh, thereby threatening to unravel an already fragile social fabric in Pakistan. Fourth, China will probably smell an opportunity here and try and convert this new country into another autonomous region of China like the TAR (Tibetan Autonomous Region) by pumping in funds and resources. After all, it has a huge strategic and economic interest in Gilgit/Baltistan through which the $65 billion CPEC runs. China is already heading stealthily towards its ambitious plan to safeguard its Persian Gulf route through Kashmir, which would also get a potential naval base in the Arabian Sea at Gwadar, linked by road to its eastern Xinjiang province. Fifth, independence doesn’t guarantee stability or safety. Sixth, a predominantly Muslim nation could fall prey to an extreme form of Islam based on strict Sharia Law like the TTP/ISIS aim to establish. Their gradual influence in a new sovereign state of Kashmir would be a real possibility and a clear danger to the region. Religious extremism is already gaining roots in Kashmir today. Seventh, how would the country even generate income in an area that has no resources? India doles out to Kashmir, on an average of nearly Rs 80,000 crores or $12 billion every year in the form of subsidies, grants, aid and infrastructure. If this ceases, Kashmir would sink faster than the Titanic. Which country will provide them the necessary funds to keep afloat? None. Eighth, how would they find resources for raising an army for internal as well as external threats? A minimum of two divisions would be required and probably an indep armored brigade for the defence of an independent Kashmir. Cost? At least $10 billion! Where is the money? Or where would it come from? And needless to say, maintaining such a force will not be chicken feed. So back to your question: Can Kashmir exist as an independent state? And the answer is a resounding NO! An independent J&K is not a viable option. Period!

The impacts of Green revolution are the following:
(i)The Green Revolution has made India self-sufficient in food grains.

(ii) Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh recorded significant increase in rice yield.

(iii) The highest rate of growth was achieved in Punjab and Haryana.
(iv) The increase in the production of food grains helped the Government to build the buffer stock.
(v) Because of the Green Revolution, there was an increase in the production of rice and wheat.

The Great Economic Depression (1929-1932) hit the German economy very badly. By 1932, industrial production was reduced to 40 per cent of the 1929 level. Workers lost their jobs or were paid reduced wages. The number of unemployed touched an unprecedented 6 million.

 

Unemployed youths played cards or simply sat at street corners, or desperately queued up at the local employment exchange. In dearth of jobs, the youth took to criminal activities.

 

There were deep anxieties and fears in people. The middle classes, especially salaried employees and pensioners, saw their savings diminish when the currency lost its value. Small businessmen, the self-employed and retailers suffered as their businesses got ruined. These sections of society were filled with the fear of being reduced to the ranks of the working class or worse still, the unemployed.

 

The large mass of peasantry was badly affected by a sharp fall in agricultural prices and women, unable to fill their children's stomachs, were filled with a sense of deep despair.

Features of a democratic election:

• Every adult citizen should be able to choose. This means that every adult citizen should have one vote and each vote shall carry equal weight.
• Elections should offer choices to the people. There should be various political parties and candidates to choose from.
• The choice of selecting the rulers should be offered at regular intervals. In India, elections are normally held after every five years.
• The most preferred candidate should get elected. In India, we follow the first past the post system, i.e. the candidate who secures the maximum number of valid votes is declared a winner.
• Elections should be held in free and fair manner and people should be in a position to cast their votes without fear or favour.

Elections are necessary because throughelections:

Voters can choose the people who would make law for them.

Voters can choose the people who would form government and take major decisions for them.

Voters can choose the political party which would guide the government and law making

Nazima (née Mehr-un-Nissa) is a former Bollywood actress who was most famous for her roles as supporting actress in films in 1960s and early 1970s. She was born in Nashik (Maharashtra) and was known as the "Resident Sister" of Bollywood

The constitution makers were worried that in an open electoral competition, certain weaker sections may not stand a good chance to get elected to the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies. That would make our democracy less representative and less democratic, so they thought of the provision of special system of reserved constituencies for the weaker sections.

The constitution makers were worried that in an open electoral competition, certain weaker sections may not stand a good chance to get elected to the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies. That would make our democracy less representative and less democratic, so they thought of the provision of special system of reserved constituencies for the weaker sections.

: An ecosystem is a community of plants, animals and smaller organisms that live,feed, reproduce and interact in the same area or environment. Some ecosystems are very large. For example, many bird species nest in one place and feed in a completely different area. On the other hand, some ecosystems may be physically small, such as you would find in a meadow at he edge of a forest, or in a coral reef in the ocean.How does everything fit together in a forest ecosystem versus a meadow ecosystem? While some species may be found naturally in both areas, the species that live in the forest ecosystem are usually very different from those that inhabit the meadow, even though the two environments are right next to each other. In other words, if we protect existing natural habitats, we will help to maintain biodiversity (biodiversity is the variety of life in all its forms, levels and combinations). Unfortunately, natural habitats and their ecosystems are more and more endangered because of the damaging environmental effects of growing human populations everywhere. Biome refers to the community of plants and animals that occur naturally in an area, often sharing common characteristics specific to that area. Biome, also known as a major life zone, is an area that includes communities of plants and animals that have a common adaptation to that particular environment. It is the largest geographic biotic unit that includes various communities which are named after the dominant features of that region – like grasslands, deserts or forests. Aspects like the temperature, soil, and water help us to identify the kind of life that exists in a biome. Biomes can be classified into three types, namely terrestrial, freshwater biomes and marine biomes. Terrestrial biomes include grasslands, deserts, tropical forests. Freshwater biomes include polar freshwaters, large lakes, tropical and sub-tropical coastal rivers, temperate coastal rivers and much more. Marine biomes include continental shelves, tropical coral, and kelp forests. Sometimes, the boundaries between biomes merge; such a transitional area is called an ecotone. General examples include riparian areas and salt marshes

What is an Ecosystem? An ecosystem is a system or a functional unit in the environment where biotic and abiotic components interact with each other. Abiotic components are water, soil, atmosphere, temperature etc. Living entities exhibit an inner hierarchy in an ecosystem which are the producers, the decomposers and the consumers. They interact with one another giving rise to the food chain inside the ecosystem. Linking within these food webs forms the basis for complex webs and attributes for the ecosystem to exist. All the essential material required for survival comes from the abiotic components of the ecosystem such as radiation, energy, water etc which are obtained as a result of various biological cycles. Energy moves in a unidirectional path. What is a Biome? Biomes on earth, on the other hand, is a zone that is identified by a large scale climate and vegetation traits. They are climatically controlled association of entities. They are usually identified and named after the life form, for instance, grassland, coral reef, tropical rain forests etc. Species in different parts of a biome may appear similar in behaviour and appearance due to the similarity in the patterns of natural selection. Examples of biomes – Tundra, temperate evergreens, taiga etc.

84 seats for SC 47 seats for ST

If an company or exam seats are only left 100 sc gets 20 seats , st gets 10 seats and other that SEBC (socially and economically backward classes) gets 27 that is given by the government For information go to working of constitutions video and see major policy dicision