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Masabdars - Mansabdari system was introduced in India by the Mughals. Mansabdars were the people of military background who were made head of many small areas which were called the 'Mansabs'. These officials were given the duty of maintaining army units from their areas according to size and capability. They were only responsible for fulfillment of the military needs of the Mughal empire and were also provided the revenue share of the area. Mansabdars were answerable to the emperor.

Jagirdars - Jagirdari referred to the division of empire into number of small areas called 'Jagirs' and the person responsible for the maintenance of the financial system of the area was called Jagirdar. His main job was to collect revenue from his area as decided by the financial head of the state depending upon the conditions of the area. The Jagirdar had to hand over the collected revenue to the central empire.   

• The resources were obtained from producers who were often persuaded or compelled to surrender their produce partially. These producers included peasants, cattle- keepers and artisans. Sometimes their produce was claimed as ‘rent’ due to a lord who asserted that he was the owner of the land.
• Revenue was also collected from traders

A Jagir was a revenue assignment for the Mansabdars. The Mansabdars had the right to collect revenue from a Jagir but they could not reside in or administer the jagir.

When we ingest food in our mouth, salivary glands of the mouth secrete saliva which moistens the food. It also converts the starch Into sugar. The tongue helps in chewing by moving the food in various directions. Saliva contains enzyme called salivary amylase which converts starch into sugar.Oesophagus Eh From mouth food goes into foodpipe called oesophagus. As food enters into the foodpipe, muscles of its wall start contraction and relexation movement. This movement is called peristaltic movement that pushes the food into the stomach. The peristaltic movement occurs throughout the alimentary canal. The oesophagus leads the food a sac like structure called stomach. The food is churned and partly digested in the stomach. The semi-solid food passes from the stomach to much coiled tube-like structure called the small intestine. The small intestine. serves two purposes—digestion and absorption of the digested food. It is about 20 feet long. The inner surface of the small intestine has a large number of fingerlike projections called villi. The Villi increase the surface area for the absorption of digested food. The absorbed food enters into the blood stream and carried away to various parts of the body for assimilation. The undigested food moves from the small intestine to the large intestine where mainly absorption of water from the undigested food takes place. From the large intestine the undigested food passes to the rectum which pushes it out of the body through the opening called the **** as faeces.

Change in which only physical properties of a substance change and no new substance is formed is called Physical Change.
Examples of Physical changes:
1. Ice melting involves a change from a solid to a liquid and the substances maintain the properties of water because the molecules never change.
2. Water boiling is a physical change as water molecules vibrate faster, they enter the gas phase and become water vapor.
3. Rubbing alcohol left uncovered will evaporate quickly into the air. It turns to a gas but maintains the properties of alcohol.
4. Hot molten iron is a liquid and when left to cool will from solid steel and can take many forms.
5. Dissolving sugar in water is a physical change. The solid sugar never loses its properties, the molecules become separated by water and the sugar can easily be recovered by evaporating the water.

The uppermost layer of earth’s crust is called soil. Soil is one of the most important natural resources. It supports the growth of plants by holding the roots firmly and supplying water and nutrients. Soil contains air, water and countless living organisms like bacteria, fungi, insects, worms, rodents, moles, and plant roots. Soil is existence of life on the earth.

Rainwater which falls on roofs and terraces of buildings can be collected through pipes and stored in underground tanks or can be allowed to percolate into the soil and used to recharge the groundwater table. This is called water harvesting or rainwater harvesting. The main aim of rainwater harvesting is to check the runoff water.

The benefits of rainwater harvesting system are listed below.

• Less of cost
• Helps in reducing the water bill
• Decreases the demand for water
• Reduces the need for imported water
• Promotes both water and energy conservation
• Improves the quality and quantity of groundwater
• Does not require a filtration system for landscape irrigation
• This technology is relatively simple, easy to install and operate
• It reduces soil erosion, stormwater runoff, flooding, and pollution of surface water with fertilizers, pesticides, metals and other sediments.

Cotton clothes are thin and do not have space in which air can be trapped. Thus, cotton clothes do not prevent heat coming out of our body. Woollen clothes keep us warm during winter because wool is a poor conductor of heat and it has air trapped in between the fibres.  

Physical Change: Change in which only physical properties of a substance change and no new substance is formed is called Physical Change.

Most of the physical changes are reversible, this means we can get the substance back even after the change.
Chemical changes: Changes in which chemical properties of substance change and a new substance is formed are called chemical changes. Some of the chemical changes are irreversible. Even in case of reversible changes in which chemical properties of substance change and a new substance is formed are called chemical changes. Some of the chemical changes are irreversible.

National Literacy Mission:

1. National Literacy Mission (NLM) was set up by the Indian government on 5 May, 1988. NLM works under the guidance of the National Literacy Mission Authority, an independent wing of the Ministry of Human Resources and Development.
2. Its objective is to promote adult education. A women education council was also established to promote women education in our country.
3. The National Literacy Mission has been recast as ‘Saakshar Bharat’ with a central focus on female education. The programme covers all citizens in the age group of 15 years and above.

Calcium hydroxide, commonly referred to as slaked lime, is described by the chemical formula Ca(OH)₂. It is an inorganic compound which has a white, powdery appearance in its solid state. However, Ca(OH)₂ has a colorless appearance in its crystalline form.