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Mahmud of Ghazni was a Sultan of Ghazni (Afghanistan). He ruled from 997 to 1030 CE. The
Sultan extended control over parts of Central Asia, Iran and the north-western part of the subcontinent.
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During the Delhi Sultanate, the Quranic law was the supreme law. The Sultan was the head of the state and he only had the right to nominate heirs for succession. He was the highest judicial authority, commander-in-chief of the army and the head of the religious people in their regime. He alone took military and administration related decisions and nobody could challenge him. Ministers/people who looked after the day to day administration in the days of Delhi Sultanate were: · Wazir: The Prime Minster. All the important officers of the states were his appointees and he was the advisor to Sultan. The job of conveying people's sentiments was also Wazir's. · Diwan-i-ariz ; The in-charge of army. He was responsible for recruiting troops and keeping a tab of men and horses. · Diwan–i–insha: He was responsible for royal correspondence. · Diwan–i–rasalat: The Foreign Minister. He was responsible for dealing with envoys and ambassadors sent and received from the foreign rulers. · Sadr-us-Sudur: Minster of Religion. He was responsible for enforcement of Islamic laws and charities. · Diwan-i-Qaza: Head of the Judicial department, he was responsible for administration of justice in the kingdom. Out of all the ministers, Wazir was the most important.
Posted by Akhilesh Sen 5 years, 3 months ago
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1. The forces that work on the surface of the earth are called exogenic forces.
2. The forces that act in the interior of the earth are called endogenic forces.
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Raja Raja Chola I was one of the greatest kings in Tamil history. He rose to prominence by bringing glory to the Chola Empire. HIs acheivements:
- He began a series of conquests in South India to conquer the kingdoms of Pandyas and Cheras
- By proceeding further south, he invaded Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
- The southern military wars were followed by conquests in the north and northeast, capturing Gangapadi, Nolambapadi, Tadigaipadi, Vengi, and Kalinga, defeating the Western Chalukyas
- At its peak, his empire extended from Kalinga in the northeast to Sri Lanka in the south
- Hhe is also remembered for building one of the finest and most magnificent architectural monuments in South Indian history. The Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur, also known as Rajarajeswaram or ‘Big Temple’, is famous for its delicate sculptures and supreme craftsmanship.
Posted by Akhilesh Sen 5 years, 3 months ago
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The main driving force of plate tectonics is gravity. If a plate with oceanic lithosphere meets another plate, the dense oceanic lithosphere dives beneath the other plate and sinks into the mantle. This process is called subduction.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 3 months ago
In order to rule the whole Indian Sub-continent, he shifted his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad. He ordered the whole population of Delhi as well royal household including scholars, poets, musician to move new capital. During the relocation, many people died. By the time people reached Daulatabad, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq changed his mind and decided to abandon the new capital and move to his old capital Delhi. It is believed that he wished to shift the capital as a safeguard measure from Mongol Invasion. The plan of shifting capital was completely failed.
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Water cycle is the cyclic movement of water from the atmosphere to the earth and back to the atmosphere through various processes. This constant, never ending circulation of water in nature is known as the water cycle.
The process includes:
Evaporation: Water in seas, rivers, lakes, ponds or streams evaporates because of the heat of the sun.
Transpiration: Plants give out a large amount of water through their leaves
Condensation: Water vapor rises up and condenses on dust particles to form cloud.
Precipitation: Water stored in clouds reaches the ground in the form of rain, hail or snow.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 3 months ago
- Shankara, born in Kerala in the eighth century, was a very influential thinker of India. He was an advocate of Advaita or the doctrine of the oneness of the human soul and the Supreme Soul which is formless and is the Ultimate Reality.
- Ramanuja was born in Tamil Nadu in the eleventh century, and he was highly influenced by the philosophy of the Alvars. He thought that the path to salvation was through intense devotion to Lord Vishnu because the grace of the Lord helps devotees attain permanent bliss (freedom and happiness).
Posted by Misbah ` 5 years, 3 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 3 months ago
- In northern India a fresh wave of the Bhakti movement started during the thirteenth century.
- This was a period when Brahmanic Hinduism, Sufism, various Bhakti branches, and the Nathpanths and Yogis inspired each other. Ordinary people including craftsmen, fishermen, merchants and so on have expressed an curiosity in listening to these new saints.
- Neither Kabir nor Baba Guru Nanak endorsed traditional religious views.
- Tulsidas and Surdas have acknowledged current values and rituals but have tried to make faith open to all. Tulsidas dreamed of God as Rama.
- They created a number of bajans to show their devotions also they work on many religious based things in their religious language. So that they are popular among the groups.
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Razia Sultan was the first Muslim female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate who ruled Delhi from 1236 to 1240. During her reign, Mohamad Ikhtiar ud-din- altunia, governor of Bathinda rebelled against her authority. She marched on him to curb the rebellion but was mutinied by her Turkish nobles. She was the only lady ruler of the Delhi Sultanate who was kept imprisoned in this fort after she was defeated and dethroned.
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Suhani Kahandal 5 years, 3 months ago
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Puneet Verma 5 years, 3 months ago
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