The left pane shows you your drives and folders. This layout is called a tree, as it closely resembles a tree with all of the 'branches'. To the left of each of the drives is a small [+] symbol. Using the mouse and clicking on this symbol will show you all the folders that are stored on that particular drive.

Adaptations in Toucan

• Long and large beak: The long and large beak helps a toucan to reach the fruits attached to the ends of even thin branches of trees which are too weak to support its weight its weight.
• The feet of toucan are adapted for grasping the branches of trees firmly.
• It abability to change colour of its feather in order to bland with the surrounding. 

A real image is defined as one that is formed when rays of light are directed in a fixed point.  A real image can be projected or seen on a screen. The best example of a real image is the one formed on a cinema screen.

2/3 + 3/2

= (4 + 9)/6 

= 13/6

Email is short for electronic mail. In today's digital age, it is the most preferred means of personal and business communication because it is almost instant and in most cases absolutely free.

The smell of leather is compared to the smell of incense in a church.

The irrigation system during Chola rule was much improved. A variety of methods were applied for it. Many wells were dug; huge tanks were constructed to collect water. The kings themselves took an interest in organizing labor and resources and extensive planning was done.

The comparison of two numbers or quantities by division is known as the ratio. Symbol ‘:’ is used to denote ratio.

Four quantities are said to be in proportion, if the ratio of the first and the second quantities is equal to the ratio of the third and the fourth quantities. The symbol ‘::’ or ‘=’ is used to equate the two ratios.

Maya thinks that Mr Nath is a crook because he doesn’t talk to anyone and has no friends. She believes that his scars are result of shoot-out with police.
He doesn’t work anywhere and sits at home all the day and there are no visitors at his place except the Sunday morning guest.
He is not bothered about his meals and pays the money in cash. She thinks that the Sunday visitor is his partner in the crime. He keeps the money from the loot and comes to give Mr Nath his share.

In Attila by R.K. Narayan we have the theme of trust, faith, loyalty, persuasion and luck. Taken from his Malgudi Days collection the story is narrated in the first person by an unnamed narrator and after reading the story the reader realises that Narayan may be exploring the theme of trust. Attila cannot be trusted as a guard dog. He is too friendly in his manner allowing anybody to enter the property he is supposed to be protecting. If anything Attila is more like a pet than a guard dog. However it is noticeable that one member of the family does always defend Attila while everybody else can only see the negative in Attila. It is the young defenders faith in Attila which ensures that he remains with the family despite the fact that he is in reality not a guard dog at all. It is also interesting that the young defender remains loyal to Attila even after the house has been robbed. He cannot see that Attila may be at fault such is his allegiance to Attila. If anything it would appear that Attila has only one friend in the house and that friend is the young defender. No matter what Attila may do or what mistakes he may make the young defender always defends Attila. Even when it is clear to the reader that Attila is not the dog that the young defender thinks he is.

What is also interesting about the story is the fact that the narrator never takes sides. They never comment as to whether Attila’s actions are good or bad. It is left to the reader to decide for themselves as to whether Attila is a suitable guard dog. The narrator remains unbiased throughout the story. It is as though they are relaying the facts to the reader and allowing the reader make up their own mind. In many ways this may be important as it draws the reader into the story encouraging them to make a decision based on the facts that are presented to them. If anything the narrator remains neutral throughout the story. Making sure not to tie themselves to any particular side. Be it with the family members who think that Attila is not a good guard dog to the young defender who is constantly taking Attila’s side. However it might be important to consider that for the majority of readers Attila would be viewed upon as no more than a pet rather than as a guard dog. At no stage in the story does Attila show an ability to defend the property he is supposed to defend.

Attila is also easily persuaded when Ranga is robbing the house. Rather than doing anything constructive Attila ends up following Ranga home to his house and becoming his friend. It does not enter Attila’s mind that his own family’s house has been robbed and that it was his role to defend the property and family from intrusion. Though some critics might suggest that Attila is fickle in nature and prepared to go off with anybody who treats him nicely. It is more likely that Attila simply isn’t a suitable guard dog. He may lack the required intelligence to protect his owner’s property. It is also interesting that Attila forces himself completely on Ranga. Whether he is working or at home Attila is constantly by Ranga’s side. Much to Ranga’s annoyance. Ranga has no option but to allow Attila remain by his side. There is nothing he can do when it comes to the loyalty that Attila shows him.

The end of the story is also interesting as Narayan may be introducing an element of luck. The young defender sees Attila in the streets and only by sheer chance does he realise that Ranga is the thief who stole the jewellery from his house. Rather than seeing events as being fortunate the young defender believes that Attila has been following Ranga all the time. Considering Attila to be a detective. While the reader realises that this is not the case. Attila has shown no loyalty to his previous family or to the young defender but the young defender cannot see this. He cannot see that what has happened is purely an act of good fortune. That he has been lucky while walking through the streets to see Attila. Whose first concern was not to run to the young defender but to follow Ranga as he was running away. Regardless of this the family’s faith in Attila as a guard dog is restored. Rather than viewing his as a pet who likes to have fun. Which he is. The family again bestow their trust in Attila. At the end of the story Attila can do no wrong. He is considered to be a hero by all concerned in the family and the young defender feels justified that he has stuck by Attila’s side when everybody else thought him to be a poor guard dog. In reality Attila has fooled everybody by way of good fortune rather than by his abilities as a guard dog.

According to the “circle of justice”, it was important for military commanders to keep the interests of the peasantry in mind because the salaries of the military commanders came from the revenue collected from peasants. But the peasants could pay their revenue only when they were prosperous and happy. Therefore, it was imperative for military commanders to safeguard the interests of the peasantry.

Yes, the above statement is correct because discrimination is usually done on the basis of superiority and inferiority, the people who are discriminated are considered inferior which maked them underconfident asvwell as hurts their dignity.

The following are the differences between the map drawn by the French cartographer and the map drawn by  Al-Idirisi:

• The French Cartographer drawn the map of India in 1720's and this map   is more detailed in nature and has a degree of familiarity.
• Whereas, the map drawn by Al-Idirisi shows Sri Lanka, an island, at the top and South India at the top or at a place of North India.

The following are the differences between the map drawn by the French cartographer and the map drawn by  Al-Idirisi:

• The French Cartographer drawn the map of India in 1720's and this map   is more detailed in nature and has a degree of familiarity.
• Whereas, the map drawn by Al-Idirisi shows Sri Lanka, an island, at the top and South India at the top or at a place of North India.

The Khalji Dynasty was founded in Delhi on 13 June 1290 with the ascension of Jalal-ud – din Khalji as the Delhi Sultan.

• The Mamluk dynasty ruled Delhi in the starting of the year 1290 A.D. The tenth and last line ruler was Muiz ud din Qaiqabad, it has been said Jalal-ud – din Khalji murdered him. When a community of Qaiqabad nobles put his infant son, Kayumars at the throne, they were killed by Jalal-ud-din and the infant was deposed.
• Then Jalal-ud-din overtook the crown, and on 13 June 1290 declared Sultan of Delhi, that marked the beginning of Delhi’s Khalji dynasty.
• Jalal-ud-din, born Firuz, was a member of the originally Turkish Khalji tribe. Since the tribe had been living in Afghanistan for some time but at Delhi court, they were considered to be Afghans.
• Malik Firuz, as Jalal-ud-din had been known before he became the Sultan, was originally a military officer in the army of the Mamluk dynasty.
• Qaiqabad had appointed him to an influential military role because he had succeeded in repelling Mongolian invasions.
• In 1296, his nephew and son-in-law Alauddin Khalji murdered Jalal-ud-din, who then took the title, Sultan of Delhi.
• In the southern part of the world, Alauddin annexed further territory and expanded the sultanate. His generals gained huge spoils of war from the Southern Kingdoms that helped to reinforce the Khalji rule. The famous Koh-i-Noor diamond was stolen by Alauddin’s army in 1310 from the Kakatiya dynasty at Warangal.
• 20 Years ruled by Alauddin and his General Malik Kafur became the king after his death in 1315 but was murdered in a few months.
• The next three years saw three sultans take power in different coups only to be murdered. Shihab-ud-din Omar was positioned on the throne with his brother Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah as the regent, after Malik Kafur, a 6-year-old son of Alauddin.
• One of his generals Khusraw Khan, in turn, murdered Mubarak Shah. An Army commander Ghazi Malik killed Khusraw Khan, who had become the Sultan. Ghazi Malik then ascended to the Delhi throne and adopted the name of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, that marked the start of the Tughlaq dynasty.

The natural environment consists of two components i.e. biotic and abiotic. Biotic components refer to livings beings like plants and animals while abiotic components refer to the non-living things

There are four domains of the environment i.e. the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere and the biosphere. 

Lithosphere forms the solid part of the earth and contains landforms like plateaus, mountains, plains and valleys. It is made up of rocks and minerals and is covered by a thin layer of soil.  Lithosphere hence comprises the crust, core and mantle.

Hydrosphere forms the next layer and covers three-fourth of the earth in form of water bodies. The thin layer of air that surrounds the earth is called atmosphere. The atmosphere forms a protective layer and shields the earth from the strong sunrays. Primarily containing gases, the atmosphere sticks to the earth owing to earth’s gravitational force. The atmosphere consists of stratosphere and troposphere.

Biosphere is the last domain of the earth and is made up of all the plants and animals and all non-living things. It can extend up till any part of the earth where life can exist.