Let us assume, x and y are the two numbers and x > y

Given:

x + y = 80 -----------1

Also given:

x = 2y + 11 --------------2

Substitute the value of x from equation 1 in equation 2

2y + 11 + y = 80

3y + 11 = 80

3y = 69

y = 23

Therefore, x = 2y + 11 = (2 * 23) + 11 = 57

The two numbers are 57 and 23 

-3+(-8)÷(-4)-2×(-2)

= -3 + 2 -2 × (-2)

= -3 + 2 + 4

= - 3 + 6

= 3

RESPIRATION: The biological process in which food is utilized to produce energy is called respiration. Respiration is necessary for survival of the living beings. A living being cannot survive even for a few seconds, without respiration. During respiration, it is mainly the carbohydrate which is oxidized to produce energy. This can be shown by following equation:

Carbohydrate + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂ + Energy

Human Beings

Human beings interact with the environment and modify it according to their need. Early humans adapted themselves to the natural surroundings. They led a simple life and fulfilled their requirements from the nature around them. With time needs grew and became more varied. Humans learn new ways to use and change environment. They learn to grow crops, domesticate animals and lead a settled life. The wheel was invented, surplus food was produced, barter system emerged, trade started and commerce developed. Industrial revolution enabled large scale production. Transportation became faster. Information revolution made communication easier and speedy across the world

GPS stands for Global Positioning System. It is a radio navigation system that is used in land, sea, and air to determine the exact location, time and velocity irrespective of weather conditions. It was first used by the US military in the year 1960.

GPS is a system and it is made up of three parts: <i>satellites, ground stations,</i> and <i>receivers</i>. Following are the functionalities of each of these parts:

• <i>Satellites</i> act like the stars in constellations, and we know where they are because they invariably send out signals.
• The <i>ground stations</i> make use of the radar to make sure the satellites are actually where we think they are.
• A <i>receiver</i> is a device that you might find in your phone or in your car and it constantly seeks for the signals from the satellites. The receiver figures out how far away they are from some of them. Once the receiver calculates its distance from four or more satellites, it knows exactly where you are.

Sher Shah Suri (1540−1545) established a powerful state. He started his career as the manager of a small territory for his uncle in Bihar and eventually challenged and defeated the Mughal Emperor Humayun, Sher Shah captured Delhi and established his own dynasty known as the Suri dynasty. Although the Suri dynasty ruled for only a short period i.e. 15 years, it introduced an administration that borrowed elements from Alauddin Khilji and made them more efficient. The great emperor Akbar followed the techniques of Sher Shah's administration while consolidating the Mughal Empire.

Some powers and the functions of the governor are:

1. He is the constitutional head of the state.
2. All executive orders of the State Government are taken in his name.
3. He appoints the Chief Minister - leader of the majority party in the State Legislative Assembly or the leader of the coalition party which wins the elections.
4. On advice of the Chief Minister, he appoints the members of the Council of Ministers.
5. High dignitaries such as Advocate General, Chairman and members of the respective State Public Commission are also appointed by him.
6. Under Article 167 (c) of the Constitution, he has the right to seek information from the Chief Minister.
7. He is a part of the state legislature and can summon, adjourn or prorogue the state legislature.
8. He addresses the commencement of the first session of the state legislature every year.
9. No bills can be passed in the state legislature until it has been approved and signed by the Governor.
10. In certain cases, the Governor can withhold the bill and pass it to the President for his approval.

The most important function of the legislature is law making. The state legislature has the power to make laws on all items on which Parliament cannot legislate. Some of these items are police, prisons, irrigation, agriculture, local governments, public health, Pilgrimage, and burial grounds. The three main powers of the state legislative council are as follows: (i) Legislative Powers (ii) Financial Powers (iii) Control over the Executive.

A State Legislative Assembly holds equal legislative power with the upper house of state legislature, the State Legislative Council, except in the area of money bills in which case the State Legislative Assembly has the ultimate authority. The Legislative Assembly of each State consists of members not more than 500 and not less than 60 according to its population. They are elected directly on the basis of adult suffrage from territorial constituencies. The State Legislature consists of the Governor, the Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) and the Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha).

Governor is a nominal executive head of the state. He forms a vital part of the state executive where he acts as the chief executive head. The Central Government nominates the governor for each and every state.

Powers of State Legislature:

1. Legislative Powers:The State Legislature can make laws on the subjects of the State List and the Concurrent List. It can enact any bill on any subject of State List, which becomes an Act with the signatures of the Governor. Normally, the Governor acts as a nominal and constitutional head and as such follows the advice of the State Chief Minister and his Council of Ministers.

However, he can reserve some bills passed by the State Legislature for the approval of the President of India. Further, in case a law made by the State Legislature on a concurrent subject comes into conflict with a Union Law on the same subject, the latter gets precedence over the former. In ordinary law-making, both the Houses (Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council wherever these exist together) have co-equal powers. In practice the

Legislative Assembly dominates the law-making work. Most of the non-money ordinary bills are introduced in the Legislative Assembly and it plays a major role in their passing. The Legislative Council acts only as a revising and delaying second chamber.

A bill passed by the Legislative Assembly and rejected by the Legislative Assembly or not decided upon by the latter within 3 months, when re-passed by the Legislative Assembly becomes an Act after the expiry of one month from the date on which it was sent to the Legislative Council a second time.

A bill first passed by the Legislative Council becomes an Act only when it gets the approval of the Legislative Assembly. Thus, Legislative Council can only delay the passing of an ordinary bill by a maximum of 4 months. In case the State Legislature is a unicameral body, all the law-making powers are exercised by the Legislative Assembly.

2. Financial Powers: The State Legislature has the power to levy taxes in respect of all subjects of the State List. It is the custodian of the finances of the state. Mo revenue can be collected or tax can be levied or collected by the state government without the consent of the State Legislature. The budget and all other financial policies and programmes of the state government become operational only after getting an approval from the State Legislature.

However, in emergencies declared under Articles 352, or 356 or 360, the financial powers of the state become subordinate to the Union. When the state is under a constitutional emergency (Art. 356), the State Legislature stands either suspended or dissolved. In this situation, the financial powers for the state are exercised by the Union Parliament.

When a State Legislature is unicameral, all the financial powers are naturally exercised by the Legislative Assembly. However, even when it is bi-cameral, the real financial powers are in the hands of the Legislative Assembly. A money bill can be introduced only in the Legislative Assembly and after passage it goes to the Legislative Council.
The latter can delay its passage for only 14 days. In case, it rejects or amends the bill, the decision of the Legislative Assembly prevails. When the Legislative Council returns a financial bill to the Legislative Assembly with some amendments, it is the power of the Legislative Assembly to accept or reject these. Thus, in respect of financial powers, the real authority is in the hands of the State Legislative Assembly.

3. Power to control the Executive: Control over the State Council of Ministers is exercised by the State Legislative Assembly. Little role has been assigned to the State Legislative Council. The State Chief Minister is the leader of majority in the State Legislative Assembly. The State Council of Ministers is collectively responsible before the Legislative Assembly.

The latter can cause the fall of the ministry by passing a vote of no-confidence or by rejecting a bill or policy or budget sponsored by the Council of Ministers. The State Legislative Council can exercise only a limited control over the ministry by putting questions and supplementary questions to the ministers.

4. Other Powers: The State Legislature, particularly its Legislative Assembly, exercises several other powers. The elected members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) participate in the election of the President of India. They also elect representatives of the state in the Rajya Sabha. Certain constitutional amendments can be made by the Union Parliament only with the ratification by at least half of the State Legislatures.

The state legislature considers the reports of the State Public Service Commission, State Auditor General, and others. It also acts as a forum for ventilation of the grievances of the people. The State Legislative Assembly has the right of adopting a resolution for the creation or abolition of the State Legislative Council.

The CM of the state performs functions in relation to the different categories of people:

1. In relation to the Council of Ministers
2. In relation to the Governor
3. In relation to the State Legislature

Other than that, he also performs the following functions:

1. He chairs the State Planning Board
2. He is a vice-chairperson of the concerned zonal council by rotation, holding that office for a period of one year at a time
3. He is a member of Inter-State Council and National Development Council which are headed by the Prime Minister.

The Chief Minister is the head of state council of ministers. He performs the following functions:

1. He recommends to the governor on who to appoint as ministers
2. He designates or reshuffles the portfolios of the ministers
3. He can ask a minister to resign
4. Meeting of the council of ministers is headed by him
5. All activities of the ministers are guided and controlled by the Chief Minister
6. If he resigns, the entire council of ministers collapses.

Sparta was one of the most powerful city-states in Ancient Greece. It is famous for its powerful army as well as its battles with the city-state of Athens during the Peloponnesian War. Sparta was located in a valley on the banks of the Eurotas River in the south-eastern portion of Greece. Sparta was a warrior society in ancient Greece that reached the height of its power after defeating rival city-state Athens in the Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.). ... Because Spartan men were professional soldiers, all manual labor was done by a slave class, the Helots.

Stands for "Central Processing Unit." The CPU is the primary component of a computer that processes instructions. It runs the operating system and applications, constantly receiving input from the user or active software programs. A computer may also have more than one CPU, which each have multiple cores.