New foods and beverages arrived in the subcontinent; like potatoes, corn, chillies, tea and coffee.

The Earth has different compositional and mechanical layers. Compositional layers are determined by their components, while mechanical layers are determined by their physical properties. The outermost solid layer of a rocky planet or natural satellite. Chemically distinct from the underlying mantle. Earth can be divided into three main layers: the core, the mantle and the crust. Each of these layers can be further divided into two parts: the inner and outer core, the upper and lower mantle and the continental and oceanic crust. Both the inner and outer core are made up of mostly iron and a little bit of nickel.

A group of drummers who arose in southern India called the Parayan were considered untouchable because their drumheads were made of cowhide. Even people who had no choice in the matter (those born to parents who were both Dalits) were not allowed to be touched by those of higher classes nor ascend the ranks of society. A monarchy is a country that is ruled by a monarch, and monarchy is this system or form of government. A monarch, such as a king or queen, rules a kingdom or empire. In a constitutional monarchy, the monarch's power is limited by a constitution. But in an absolute monarchy, the monarch has unlimited power. A dictatorship is a government or a social situation where one person makes all the rules and decisions without input from anyone else. Dictatorship implies absolute power — one person who takes control — of a political situation, a family, a classroom or even a camping expedition.

Dalits are also discriminated against in hiring and in the payment of wages by private employers. Dalits' attempts to enforce their rights are met with retaliatory violence and social and economic boycotts. It involves massive violations of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. Caste systems divide people into unequal and hierarchical social groups. ... They have also – through IDSN and by other means – managed to place caste discrimination firmly on the international human rights agenda.

The Harappan culture grew and developed in India at the same time as other civilisations in the other parts of Asia and Africa mainly in the valleys of the rivers Nile, Euphrates, Tigris and Hwang-Ho. The Harappan culture became important about 4,500 years ago or in about 2,500 B.C.

Democracy is a form of government that allows people to choose their own representatives. People have the freedom to express their opinion and organise protests.

An ecosystem is a community of plants, animals and smaller organisms that live, feed, reproduce and interact in the same area or environment.

Mahmud Ghori, the Turkish invader defeated the last Tomar King Prithvi Raj Chauhan in the Second Battle of Tarain in 1992 which ended the Tomar rule over Delhi and laid the foundation of Turkish rule in India.

Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni was a ruler of Afghanistan from 997 to 1030. He was an ambitious king and so made all efforts to extend his control over far-off regions. He extended his control over parts of Central Asia, Iran and the northwestern part of the subcontinent. Almost every year he raided the subcontinent targeting wealthy temples. The temple of Somnath in Gujarat was the worst victim of his raids. Much of the wealth he carried away was used to create a splendid capital city at Ghazni. Ghazni was fond of knowing more about the people he conquered. He entrusted a scholar named Baruni to write an account of the subcontinent. The al- Barni's account, an Arabic work titled Kitab al-Hind, is still an important source for historians.

1) Maftipravalam is a language. The name of a book written in this language is Lilatilakam.

2) Miniatures are small-sized paintings, generally done in water colour on cloth or paper.

Constitution can be defined as a body/system of fundamental rights and regulations according to which a nation, organisation or state is governed. These rules and regulations clearly state the various rights and duties of a citizen and also the powers and functions of the government.

Dignity is defined as the personal quality of being worthy of honor. An example of dignity is the respect paid to an elder member in the family. If someone has dignity, it means they are worthy of respect. ... Someone with dignity carries herself well. If you lose an election, and you say nasty things about your opponent and try to undermine her, you are acting without dignity.

Dignity is defined as the personal quality of being worthy of honor. An example of dignity is the respect paid to an elder member in the family. If someone has dignity, it means they are worthy of respect. ... Someone with dignity carries herself well. If you lose an election, and you say nasty things about your opponent and try to undermine her, you are acting without dignity.

 Ans: igneous rock.

Explanation

Typically the Deccan Plateau is made up of basalt extending up to Bhor Ghat near Karjat. This is an extrusive igneous rock. Also in certain sections of the region, we can find granite, which is an intrusive igneous rock.

The main causes of conflict between the Chola and the Srivijaya are as follows:-
1. Srivijaya practiced naval trade monopoly that forced Tamil traders vessels that passed through their waters to call on their ports or otherwise being plundered.
2. Chola invasion of Srivijaya By King Rajendra Chola
.3. Rajendra Chola I after the successful naval raid in 1025 married Onang Kiu, the daughter of Vijayottunggavarman.
4.The peace deal was brokered by the exiled daughter of Vijayottunggavarman, who managed to escape Palembang and came to the court of King Airlangga in East Java.

Representative democracy, also known as indirect democracy or representative government, is a type of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people, as opposed to direct democracy. In it the power is in the hands of the representatives who are elected by the people. A representative democracy is a system of government in which all eligible citizens vote on representatives to pass laws for them. A perfect example is the U.S., where we elect a president and members of the Congress. We also elect local and state officials.

Representative democracy, also known as indirect democracy or representative government, is a type of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people, as opposed to direct democracy. In it the power is in the hands of the representatives who are elected by the people. A representative democracy is a system of government in which all eligible citizens vote on representatives to pass laws for them. A perfect example is the U.S., where we elect a president and members of the Congress. We also elect local and state officials.

Democracy is a form of government in which rulers are elected by the people. But, this definition is not adequate to define democracy. We need to add up following features:
(i)  Democracy is a form of government in which rulers elected by the people take all the major decisions.
(ii) Elections offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current rulers.
 (iii) This choice and opportunity is available to all the people on an equal basis.
 (iv) The exercise of this choice leads to a government limited by basic rules of the constitution and citizens' rights.

The general view of historians is that Aurangzeb entirely reversed the policy of religious toleration followed by Akbar and it resulted in serious revolts among the Hindus.

In the words of Lane-Poole, “For the first time in their history, the Mughals beheld a rigid Muslim in their emperor—a Muslim as sternly repressible of himself as of his people around him, a king who was prepared to stake his throne for sake of his faith.

Samantas was a name given to big landlords or warrior chiefs in different regions of the Indian subcontinent, by the existing kings of the seventh century. They were expected to bring gifts for their kings or overlords, be present in their courts and also provide them with military support.

Extrusive rocks are formed by the cooling down and solidification of the molten lava on the earth’s surface. Intrusive rocks are formed by the cooling down of the molten magma deep inside the earth’s crust.

Alauddin's Khilji System :-

1) Alauddin's administrative measures were quite successful.

2) Chroniclers praised his region for its cheap prices and efficient supplies of goods in the market.

3) He successfully withstood the threat of the mongol invasions.

Muhammad Tughluq's :-

1) Mohammad Tughluq's administrative system was a failure.

2) His system created complications in the shifting of people to Daultabad,which resented the raising of taxes, which furter widespread the rebellion.

3) The 'token' currency was recalled