Omprakash Valmiki was actually in the Dalit caste because of which he was treated unequally. He along with other lower caste students were made to sit on the ground but at the same time the higher caste students would sit on chairs. He was even made to clean the whole school. He was not even allowed to drink water from the community water tap, just because he was a Dalit.

During this period, several social and economic differences emerged among the people, which led to the introduction of Jatis or sub-castes, where people were ranked on the basis of their occupations and backgrounds. The affairs of jatis were regulated by an assembly of elders known as the jati panchayat in some areas. The jatis were required to follow the rules of their villages, which were governed by a chieftain.

The Indus Valley civilisation is also known as the Harappan civilisation because the first site of the archaeological remains of the Indus Valley civilisation was found at the modern site of Harappa, West Punjab, Pakistan.

Marie Curie was a physicist, chemist and a pioneer in the study of radiation. She and her husband, Pierre, discovered the elements polonium and radium. They and Henri Becquerel were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903, and Marie received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911. Marie Curie is most famous for the discovery of the elements polonium and radium. Prohibited from higher education in her native Poland (then controlled by Russia), she moved to Paris in 1891 and studied at the Sorbonne.

Globalization is the spread of products, technology, information, and jobs across national borders and cultures. In economic terms, it describes an interdependence of nations around the globe fostered through free trade. Globalization meets the knowledge, education and learning challenges and opportunities of the Information Age. Knowledge based businesses often complain that graduates lack the capacity to learn new skills and assimilate new knowledge. Globalization makes it easier for businesses. Globalization or globalisation is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide. ... Globalization has grown due to advances in transportation and communication technology. With the increased global interactions comes the growth of international trade, ideas, and culture.

The historians face several difficulties in using manuscripts. There was no printing press in those days so scribes copied manuscripts by hand. Manuscript copying is not an easy job. As scribes copied manuscripts, they also introduced small changes—a word here, a sentence there. 

Scribes used to copy manuscripts. In this process, they also introduced or incorporated small changes like adding a word or a sentence here and there.

These small changes multiplied over centuries of copying until manuscripts of the same text became substantially different from one another.

This is a serious problem because we rarely find the original manuscript of the author today.

Historians are totally dependent on the copies made by later scribes.

As a result, historians have to read different manuscript versions of the same text to guess what the author had originally written.

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An investment is an asset or item accrued with the goal of generating income or recognition. In an economic outlook, an investment is the purchase of goods that are not consumed today but are used in the future to generate wealth. In finance, an investment is a financial asset bought with the idea that the asset will provide income further or will later be sold at a higher cost price for a profit.

A shadow is a dark (real image) area where light from a light source is blocked by an opaque object. It occupies all of the three-dimensional volume behind an object with light in front of it. The cross section of a shadow is a two-dimensional silhouette, or a reverse projection of the object blocking the light. There are two types of shadow; a crisp edged one formed by a point source of light and a rather more fuzzy one that is formed by a larger source. The region of deep, total shadow is called the umbra and the region of partial shadow is called the Penumbra.

1.  The exterior of Iltutmish’s tomb is austere and composed largely of plain dressed stones. The interior portion is entirely faced with carved stones.
2.  This ornamentation appears to be based on both Indian and Islamic traditions. For example, the Arabic lettering, flat cut stencil like arabesques, geometric patterns derive from ancient Iranian architecture
3.  The carved lotus medallions and buddle creepers are adaptations of Indian traditional architectural forms

The government can take steps to provide healthcare for all by:

• Increasing the number of hospitals, healthcare centres and family welfare centres.
• Organising free camps for check up of general public.
• Organising Pulse Polio campaigns.
• Spreading health awareness among common people through different means. Workshops, seminars and training camps can also prove to be effective ways.

Resource planning is a complex process in India because of the following reasons:

1. Resource planning involves first identifying of resources which are available in different parts of the country. This is not a easy process as it invoves surveying and mapping various regions of the country. Then, the quality and quantity of the available minerals is also needs to be estimated.

2. Resource planning is a complicated process as it involves the use of appropriate technology, skill sets and setting up of many institutions for the execution of resource development plan.

3. One of the daunting tasks is to match and align resource developemnt plans with national development plans.

The definition of abiotic is an ecological term that is anything chemical or physical that lacks life.  Abiotic variables found in terrestrial ecosystems can include things like rain, wind, temperature, altitude, soil, pollution, nutrients, pH, types of soil, and sunlight.

1. Examples of Different Kinds of Human Environment Interactions
2. The use of natural resources. ...
3. Deforestation. ...
4. Energy resources. ...
5. Oil and gas drilling. ...
6. Water resources. ...
7. Relationships between human activities and the surroundings. ...
8. Vehicle production. ...
9. Littering.
10. Among the given options, “Land” is not a component of the human environment. Human environment is the social condition along with the external factors which will affect an individual physically and naturally. Here, “Religion” and “community” will affect an individual personally.

The biosphere is all about life. Physical geographers use the term biosphere to describe our living world. All of the microbes, plants, and animals can be found somewhere in the biosphere. The biosphere extends to the upper areas of the atmosphere where birds and insects can be found. It also reaches to dark caves deep in the ground or to the bottom of the ocean at hydrothermal vents. The biosphere extends to any place that life of any kind might exist. The land of the lithosphere interacts with the oceans of the hydrosphere at the coastlines. The coasts are teeming with life such as fish, birds, invertebrates, and mammals.

The historians face several difficulties in using manuscripts. There was no printing press in those days so scribes copied manuscripts by hand. Manuscript copying is not an easy job. As scribes copied manuscripts, they also introduced small changes—a word here, a sentence there. These small differences grew over centuries of copying until manuscripts of the same text became substantially different from one another. This is a serious problem because we rarely find the original manuscript of the author today. We are totally dependent upon the copies made by later scribes. As a result historians have to read different manuscript versions of the same text to guess what the author had originally written.

Manuscripts in early days were handwritten. Writers used palm leaves as paper for writing manuscripts. The historians used to copy down those manuscripts. Different historians presented their version in their own way as many of the words or sentences were beyond their understanding. So they copied what they understood. Later it was difficult to recognize which one was the original manuscript. Historians interpreted the facts as per the manuscripts which they got. Hence we find a number of facts with different illustrations in history.

Elections to the Lok Sabha and each Vidhan Sabha are carried out using a first-past-the-post electoral system. For each constituency, the electors can cast their vote for a single candidate (of their choice), the winner being the candidate who gets the most votes.  A person must be at least 25 years old to be the member of the National Assembly or to be Mayor or Governor.

Elections keep a democratic country functioning, as they give people the right to select their own government. Electronic Voting Machine (also known as EVM ) is voting using electronic means to either aid or take care of the chores of casting and counting votes. An EVM is designed with two units: the control unit and the balloting unit.

Muhammad Ghori and Mahmud of Ghazni both were Turkish invaders who came from Ghazni . Inspite of having lot of similarities in respect to their way of operation there were few dissimilarities among them.

Mahmud unlike Ghori (who had to face few defeats) never encountered defeat in his 17 invasion of India. Mahmud was more successful king than Ghori in Central Asia.

Mahmud  was never interested in establishing his empire in India as he was more inclined in looting the wealth of India. He concentrated more in spreading Islam in India as a result he destroyed idols of Hindu Gods and even destroyed temples. On the other hand Ghori attacked on important forts and towns.

Mahmud had a great interest in the subject of art and literature while Ghori was a just a politican and military commander. Ghazni under the rule of  Mahmud became a great cultural centre as a result many famous architects, poets,artists and scholars visited his court. Historians like Utbi and Alberuni, poets and scholars like Firdausi, Unsari and Baihaqi were amongst  some of the scholars who visited his court. University at Ghazni which has a vast collection of valuable books of different languages was founded by him.

Mahmud built museum, madaras (institutions of higher learning) and mosques.  and even awarded scholars with scholarships.

Mahmud of Ghazni.
He made several invasions in India.He raided many cities, including Mathura, Kanauj, Gwalior and Sindh and carried away India's rich treasures to his country. But he was not a ruler so far as India was concerned .

Muhammad Ghori.
In fact, the foundation of the Turkish rule in India was laid by Muhammad Ghori. His first invasion was directed against Multan in 1175 AD. In 1192 he eventually defeated Prithviraj Chauhan , the ruler of vast territories from Ajmer to Delhi. He then went back to Ghazni leaving Qutb-ud-din Aibak in charge of his territories in India. However, in 1194 he again led an army to fight Jai Chand,the ruler of Kanauj.. He returned to Ghazni and during his absence Qutb-ud-din had to quell many revolts and disturbances in India.After Muhammad Ghori died Qutb-ud-din led the foundatio of Delhi Sultanate in 1206.

Thus, the major difference that we can find between mahmud Ghazni and Muhammad ghori's invasion is : the invasion of Muhammad Ghori led to the foundation of turkish rule in India whereas Mahmud Ghazni's invasion only led away some of the riches of India.

This period was marked by the ascendancy of the Kshatriya clan, Rajputs. Under their rule several small kingdoms sprang up. These small provincial kingdoms, however, were continuously at war with each other. This period has been conveniently termed as the Rajput period by some historians. Since the beginning of early medieval period, Indian subcontinent was marked with the feudal establishments. ... Hence, the period from 750 to 1200 AD was treated as dark phase because the whole country was divided into numerous regional states. All of these regional states were busy fighting with each other.

1. From 6th century the to 11th century period witness the kingdom of Rajputs which was 500 year old and located in northern India

2. This kingdom become huge difficulty for Mughals to considerate their empire

3. Prithviraj chauhan was the most important ruler of Rajput dynasty who became ruler at the age of 13.

4. However the authority of Mughals was later accepted by Rajputs and also hold the important position at the Mughal court.

5. Rajputs belong to khatriya clan also also forms the warrior class which plays very crucial role in the history of medival India for challenging Mughal authority.

Prithviraj Chauhan was a Rajput king who ruled the kingdoms of Ajmer and Delhi in northern India in 12th century; he was one of the last independent Hindu kings to sit upon the throne of Delhi. Also known as Rai Pithora, he was a Rajput king hailing from the Chauhan dynasty. Born as the son of Someshwar Chauhan, the king of Ajmer, Prithviraj started displaying signs of his greatness at an early age. He was a very brave and intelligent child blessed with sharp military skills. He practiced hard shabd bhedi archery skills since childhood. As a young boy he could accurately hit targets only on the basis of its sounds. After the death of his father in a battle in 1179, Prithviraj Chauhan succeeded the throne. He ruled over the twin capitals of Ajmer and Delhi which he had received from his maternal grandfather, Arkpal or Anangpal III of the Tomara dynasty. As the king, he set out on several campaigns to expand his territories and became well-known as a valiant and courageous warrior. His battles with Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghori are especially well-known as is the heroics of his elopement with Sanyukta, the daughter of Raja Jaichandra of Kannauj.

The Arab invasion had led to the establishment of two independent Muslim Kingdoms of Sindh and Multan. But the Turk invasion led to the establishment of the Muslim rule over a large part of North India.

Iltutmish made Delhi the capital of the Sultanate in India. Earlier it was Lahore. Thus the political importance of Lahore declined and of Delhi increased.

Though the Turkish Sultans of Delhi were independent rulers yet they took the help of Caliph to give stability to their rule and they considered themselves a part of the Islamic world. In other words foreign religious elements were introduced in Indian political life.

Islamic law enjoins the election of a ruler but in practice any of the issues of the Sultan could be chosen as the successor of the throne. Likewise it was essential that the Sultan should be a male. However there were deviations also. These practices affected the political situation in India.

• Rich landlords or warrior chiefs became subordinates of kings and were given title of samantas, and were expected to bring gifts for their kings or overlords, had to be present at their courts and would provide them military support. With more power and wealth, samantas became maha-samantas or maha-mandaleshvara, and some of them became free from their overlords.
• Dantidurga, who was a Rashtrakuta chief, performed hiranya-garbha ritual to became a Kshatriya and then he overthrew his Chalukya overlord.
• In spite of being Brahmans, Kadamba Mayurasharman and Gurjara-Pratihara Harichandra built their kingdoms in Karnataka and Rajasthan.

In thermodynamics, a component is one of a collection of chemically-independent constituents of a system. The number of components represents the minimum number of independent species necessary to define the composition of all phases of the system. A component can refer to an elementary type (via a data element or by directly specifying the data type and length in the structure definition), another structure or a table type. A structure can therefore be nested to any depth.