A landform is a feature on the Earth's surface that is part of the terrain. Mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains are the four major types of landforms. Minor landforms include buttes, canyons, valleys, and basins. Tectonic plate movement under the Earth can create landforms by pushing up mountains and hills. Landforms are the physical features on the surface of the Earth. They are created by natural forces such as wind, water, erosion and tectonic plate movement.

1. Plains, which make up 55 percent of the earth’s surface, are characterized by relatively flat stretches of land that lie less than 500 feet above sea level. Plains are home to 90 percent of the world’s population and generally border a seacoast and gradually slope up to high-elevation landforms. An exception to this is the Interior Plains, which expands across the central region of North America.

2. Plateaus are characterized by high elevations, arid climates and are generally bordered on at least one side by bluffs. Most have an average elevation of 2,000 feet; the world’s largest plateau, the Tibetan Plateau in central Asia, has an average elevation of more than 16,000 feet.

3. Mountains are the least habitable land formation and are characterized as having an elevation of more than 2,000 feet. Mountain ranges generally are located near the border of continents; however, many mountains are located within the ocean. Mt. Everest is the tallest mountain in the world at 29,028 feet, or 5 1/2 miles above sea level.

4. Hills are similar to mountains in that they generally have a distinct summit; however, hills are classified as having an elevation between 500 to 2,000 feet and have a climate that is cooler than plains but warmer than mountains. Poteau, Oklahoma’s Cavanal Hill, is generally regarded as the world’s highest hill — its tallest point reaches 1,999 feet.

High Tide: This occurs when water covers much of the shore by rising to its highest level.

Low Tide: There is a low tide when water falls to its lowest level and recedes from the shore.

Tides are caused by the strong gravitational pull exerted by the sun and the moon on the earth’s surface. The rise and fall of water due to tides is used for generating electricity in some places. The water of the earth closer to the moon gets pulled under the moon’s gravitational force and causes a high tide.

Inequality is being practiced in India on the basis of caste, religion, disability, *** (male or female) and economic status. Inequality affects every member of the society. Economic inequality impacts the GDP per capita. It gives rise to poorer public health and illiteracy, thus increasing crime rates, fuelling political instability, and eventually destabilising the society. Society members also become pessimistic and lose faith in the government and each other.

The sources used by historians in the period 700 to 1750 (the Medieval Period) were quite different from the ones used in the period of Gupta dynasty and Hashavardhana. There is definitely some continuity in the sources used by the historians of both the distinct periods. For example, for obtaining information they still relied on

• Coins
• Inscriptions
• Acrhitecture
• Textual records

Differences in temperature, pressure, and structural formations in the mantle and crust cause magma to form in different ways. Decompression melting involves the upward movement of Earth's mostly-solid mantle. This reduction in overlying pressure, or decompression, enables the mantle rock to melt and form magma. Volcanoes on Earth form from rising magma. Magma rises in three different ways. Magma can rise when pieces of Earth's crust called tectonic plates slowly move away from each other. ... The high heat and pressure cause the crust to melt and rise as magma.

Tipu Sultan was the ruler of the kingdom of Mysore from 1782 to 1799. He was a very popular ruler and is considered the pioneer of rocket artillery in India. He introduced the coin and calendar system in his kingdom.

Very often, plants and animals that are tended by people become different from wild plants and animals. This is because people select plants and animals for domestication. For example, they select those plants and animals that are not prone to disease. They also select plants that yield large-size grain, and have strong stalks, capable of bearing the weight of the ripe grain. Seeds from selected plants are preserved and sown to ensure that new plants (and seeds) will have the same qualities.

Amongst animals, those that are relatively gentle are selected for breeding. As a result, gradually, domesticated animals and plants become different from wild animals and plants. For example, the teeth and horns of wild animals are usually much larger than those of domesticated animals.

Three points of difference between the lives of farmers/ herders from hunter-gatherers.
(a) Hunter-gatherers kept travelling from place to place whereas farmers had to live at same place for longer periods of time to take care of their crops.
(b) Hunter-gatherers depended on meat of wild animals whereas farmers and herders used plants, crops and cattle.
(c) Hunter-gatherers did not have any settled life whereas farmers and herders gradually settled in huts, pit-houses, etc.

• The Neolithic people used microlithic blades in addition to tools made of polished stones. They used stone hoes and digging sticks for digging the ground. They also used tools and weapons made of bone. 
• The Paleolithic people used tools made from large and small scrapers, hammer stones, choppers, awls, etc. The tools were mainly used for cutting, digging, and skinning the prey and were less sharper as compared to the Neolithic tools.

1. Early human beings lived life as hunters and gatherers. Most people today do not hunt or grow their own food. They buy food from the market.

2. Early human beings lived a nomadic life while modern human beings live settled life.

3. Early human beings lived in tribes while modern human beings live as individual members in villages and cities.

4. Life for early human beings was harsh and brutal. They were in constant danger of being attacked by other tribes or by wild animals. Modern human beings do not face such dangers.

1)Some animals live in the home of men.These are called Domestic animals.
2)Man keep them for milk,food,hunting,riding and for many other purposes.
3)The cow,buffalo,horse,goat,sheep,etc.are some of the domestic animals.
4)The cow is most useful of all as it gives milk and milk is a good food and from that milk we produce butter,cheese,curd etc.,
5)Men keep buffaloes for milk and for drawing carts and ploughing the field.
6)The sheep is kept for its hair and flesh. The hair is made into wool. This wool is used in making warm clothes.
7)The horse is kept for riding.Some horses draw carts and carriages, plough the field and carry loads. Some horses are trained to run races. A race horse sometimes brings a large fortune to its master.

8)The dog is a very faithful animal friend to men. It guards the house of its master. It is used in hunting.Some dogs are trained to detect criminals.

Chandragupta Maurya (321-;297 BCE) was the founder of the Mauryan dynasty in India. The empire set up by him was the first and one of the greatest empires of ancient India.

Omprakash Valmiki (30 June 1950 – 17 November 2013) was an Indian Dalit writer and poet.  well known for his autobiography, Joothan, considered a milestone in Dalit literature.  He was born at the village of Barla in the Muzzafarnagar district of Uttar Pradesh. After retirement from Government Ordnance Factory he lived in Dehradun where he died of complications arising out of stomach cancer on 17 November 2013. 
Being a Dalit child, he was tortured and abused everywhere in society. He was fortunate enough to be born in a household where everyone loved and cared for him. The support and encouragement he gained from the family enabled him to face the dangers of being a Dalit. Right from the early stages of his life, Valmiki was conscious of the importance of studies and hence he was always a bright student. Reading and writing made him an enlightened human being. Valmiki married Chanda; despite the protestations his father accepted her as his daughter-in-law. He was not allotted a house in the government colony. They had to struggle a lot during the initial days of marriage. But he soon settled and both Valmiki and Chanda started a happy married life .
In his novel Joothan he talked about the discrimination they had to face in the school at different points. He says: “During the examinations we could not drink water from the glass when thirsty. To drink water, we had to cup our hands. The peon would pour water from way high up, lest our hands touch the glass”. Omprakash Valmiki describes his life as an untouchable, or Dalit, in the newly independent India of the 1950s. Joothan refers to scraps of food left on a plate, destined for the garbage or animals. Dalits have been forced to accept and eat joothan for centuries, and the word encapsulates the pain, humiliation, and poverty of a community forced to live at the bottom of India's social pyramid. Although untouchability was outlawed in 1949, Dalits continued to face discrimination, economic deprivation, violence, and ridicule. Valmiki shares his struggle to survive a preordained life of perpetual physical and mental persecution and his transformation into a speaking subject under the influence of the Dalit political leader, B. R. Ambedkar. 

Map 1 and Map 2 represent two different times. Map 1 was made in 1154 CE by al-Idrisi, an Arab geographer. This section is a detail of the Indian subcontinent from his larger map of the world. Map 2 was made by a French cartographer in 1720. Both maps are quite different from each other, even though they represent the same area. In Map 1 we find south India at the place where we would expect to find north India and Sri Lanka is the island at the top. The place names are in Arabic. Some familiar places like Kanauj in Uttar Pradesh have been spelled as Qanauj. In comparison to this Map 2 was made nearly 600 later after Map 1. By that time information about the subcontinent had changed a lot. This map appears to be more familiar to us. The coastal areas, particularly, are more detailed.