Democracy is a system of government in which the citizens exercise power directly or elect representatives from among themselves to form a governing body, such as a parliament. It is also referred as “rule of the majority”. Here the power can’t be inherited. People elect their leaders. Representatives stand in an election and the citizens vote for their representative. The representative with the most number of votes gets the power.

There are four domains of the environment i.e. the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere and the biosphere. 
Lithosphere forms the solid part of the earth and contains landforms like plateaus, mountains, plains and valleys. It is made up of rocks and minerals and is covered by a thin layer of soil.  Lithosphere hence comprises the crust, core and mantle.
Hydrosphere forms the next layer and covers three-fourth of the earth in form of water bodies. The thin layer of air that surrounds the earth is called atmosphere.
The atmosphere forms a protective layer and shields the earth from the strong sunrays. Primarily containing gases, the atmosphere sticks to the earth owing to earth’s gravitational force. The atmosphere consists of stratosphere and troposphere.
Biosphere is the last domain of the earth and is made up of all the plants and animals and all non-living things. It can extend up till any part of the earth where life can exist. 

An urban area is the region surrounding a city. Rural areas are the opposite of urban areas. Rural areas, often called "the country," have low population density and large amounts of undeveloped land. Usually, the difference between a rural area and an urban area is clear. Rural-urban migration is the movement of people from the countryside to the city. This causes two things to happen: 1. Urban growth - towns and cities are expanding, covering a greater area of land. 2. Urbanisation - an increasing proportion of people living in towns and cities.

• The sources of study in medieval period were the Manuscripts, Poems, Folks, Tales and more in our country.

• In those historic age, Akbarnama was used by the people to learn things and continue the education.

• The Brajbhasa poetry and other literature was also there. Apart from it there were Al biruni’s India, Ziyauddin barani-Fatwa e jahandari and other writings, Firdausi- Shahnama, Amir khusrao’s books, Baburnama, and Humayun nama were also there.

Prithviraja III (IAST: Pṛthvī-rāja; reign. c. 1178–1192 CE), popularly known as Prithviraj Chauhan or Rai Pithora was a king from the Chahamana (Chauhan) dynasty. He ruled Sapadalaksha, the traditional Chahamana territory, in present-day north-western India. He controlled much of the present-day Rajasthan, Haryana, and Delhi; and some parts of Punjab, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. His capital was located at Ajayameru (modern Ajmer), although the medieval folk legends describe him as the king of India's political centre Delhi to portray him as a representative of the pre-Islamic Indian power.

Early in his career, Prithviraj achieved military successes against several neighbouring Hindu kingdoms, most notably against the Chandela king Paramardi. He also repulsed the early invasions by Muhammad of Ghor, a ruler of the Muslim Ghurid dynasty. However, in 1192 CE, the Ghurids defeated Prithviraj at the Second battle of Tarain, and executed him shortly after. His defeat at Tarain is seen as a landmark event in the Islamic conquest of India, and has been described in several semi-legendary accounts. The most popular of these accounts is Prithviraj Raso, which presents him as a "Rajput", although the Rajput identity did not exist during his time.

Yes, I think the circle of justice is an appropriate term to describe the relationship between the king and his subjects. The circles of Justice describes that the king needs soldiers for the protection of the kingdom and the salary which the soldier gets is from the tax given by peasants. If the king doesn't keep his subjects happy and prosperous they will not be able to give the tax and the army couldn't be maintained.So if the king promotes justice to all then the peasants will live happily. So this term is certainly appropriate to describe the relationship between the king and his subjects.

The sea waves deposit sediments along the seashores. This leads to the formation of beaches.

The continental plates are made of another volcanic type of silicates called granite. Continental crust is much thicker than oceanic crust---up to 35 kilometers thick. With densities of 2.7 to 2.8 (times that of water), continental plates are less dense than the oceanic plates which have densities of 3. These plates are named after the landforms found on them. The nine major plates are North American, Pacific, Eurasian, African, Indo-Australian, Australian, Indian, South American and Antarctic. The largest plate is the Pacific Plate at 39,768,522 square miles (103,000,000 square kilometers).

The lithosphere is the crust and upper mantle of a planet, including all the solid matter from moutains to valleys to tectonic plates underneath. In Earth the lithospheric mantle is brittle and hard, almost like the crust, though chemically distinct.

The biosphere is the life and ecology of a planet. It is not a distinct area, but rather a collection of areas, including parts of the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere, where organisms live and dead organic matter rests.

The principal roles of a Council are to provide for Government and management of its area at the local level. Specifically, Councils are required to: act as a representative, informed and responsible decision-maker in the interests of its community. The Council is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. It is the duty of the Prime Minister to communicate to the President all decisions of Council of Ministers relating to administration of affairs of the Union and proposals for legislation and information relating to them.

A town fortified with the settlement of soldiers was known as a garrison town.

Temple authorities used their wealth to finance trade and company. Gradually a large number of priests, workers, artisans, traders, etc. settled near the temple to cater to its needs and those of the pilgrims. Thus towns emerged around temples. Temple towns represent a very important pattern of urbanisation, the process by which cities develop. Temples were often central to the economy and society. Rulers built temples to demonstrate their devotion to various deities.

Muhammad bin Tughlaq is known for some of his schemes and policies which failed disastrously over the period of time. 

Muhammad bin Tughlaq transfered his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad. He did this primarily because of two reasons:

• Daulatabad was centrally located and was equidistance from Delhi and other important places.
• Since Delhi was within the reach of the Mongols, Daulatabad appeared to be at a safe distance from the possible Mongol attacks in the future.

It is said that he ordered most of the people of Delhi to shift to Daulatabad. There was resentment among the people as they did not want to shift from Delhi. As 1,500 km journey was arduous, many people died on the way and the survivors were not able to adjust to the new conditions. Without the king, Delhi now became prone to the Mongol attacks. Later, Muhammad bin Tughlaq again shifted his capital back to Delhi.

Token Currency

• Muhammad bin Tughlaq is crticised for his failed experiment with the token currency. The scarcity of silver and abundance of copper and bronze metal prompted the sultan to issue copper coins bearing same value as that of silver coins.
• However, the new copper coins bearing the same value as the silver coin did not had any complicated design on it and could be easily forged.
• People started minting coins in their houses. The forged copper coins flooded the markets. Situation became worse when the traders and merchants refused to accept these coins. Economy came to a stand still.
• Realising his folly, Muhammad bin Tughlaq issued genuine silver coins on the place of copper coins. This further drained the royal treasury.

Taxation in Doab

• Doab is a fertile alluvial tract lying between the rivers Ganga and the Yamuna. Muhammad Tughlaq increased the taxes in the Doab region as he was in need of money for raising a large army.
• Unfortunately, the increase in taxes coincided with a severe famine in the region. The tax collectors however showed no signs of mercy and ruthlessly collected taxes.
• Peasants unable to pay the taxes abandoned their lands and fled to forests.
• When the plight of peasants reached Muhammad Tughlaq, he ordered several relief measures. He opened free kitchens, distributed free grains etc. but these measures came too late and agriculture greatly suffered in the region. Thus, his scheme of taxation in the Doab failed.

Plan of Conquests

Muhammad bin had an ambition of conquering the world. He thus organised a strong army and paid them one full year’s salary in advance. He decided to annex Khurasan, Persia and Iraq. However, due to financial pressures following the failure of taxation in Doab and the token currency, he abandoned the project and disbanded the army.

Alauddin Khalji was an ambitious and powerful ruler. To fulfill his ambition he needed a very large and strong army so he made some reforms to maintain his army.

(1) He maintained a descriptive roll of every soldier.

(2) Branding of horses was also introduced

(3) Regular salaries were given to the soldiers directly by the state.

(4) Soldiers were kept well equipped with arms and weapons.

(5) Training for soldiers was arranged.