Social Forces is a journal of social research highlighting sociological inquiry but also exploring realms shared with social psychology, anthropology, political science, history, and economics. The journal's intended academic readers include sociologists, social psychologists, criminologists, economists, political scientists, anthropologists, and students of urban studies, race/ethnic relations, and religious studies.

We are only familiar about Taj Mahal as it is a one-of-its-kind architecture in the world. In fact, the contemporary world is more familiar about Shah Jahan due to this architecture.
Red Fort or Lal Quila is one of the most-famous monuments in Delhi. It is situated in the Old Delhi which was called as Shahjahanabad during the reign of Mughal Empire.
The striking image of tall minarets, domes and a vast courtyard of Jama Masjid allures us. Deemed as one of the largest mosques in India, the Masjid-i Jahan-Numa (the World-Reflecting Mosque) is a monument built by Shah Jahan. It is said that the Emperor had spent 1 million to build this mosque.
Agra Fort was constructed much earlier than Akbar's time. However, it was it was totally renovated during the time of Shah Jahan. It is said that Shah Jahan demolished many structures inside Agra Fort and built new ones.

Bahadur Shah Zafar, also known as Bahadur Shah II, was the last Mughal emperor of India who reigned from 1837 to 1857. The first War of Independence in India started in 1857 under his leadership. After losing the war, he was deposed by the British East India Company and exiled in 1858. He lived there for five years and died at the age of 87, in 1862. His death marked the end of the Mughal Empire.

Coins called 'dehliwal' were also manufactured and circulated there. The process that changed Delhi into a capital began with the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate in the beginning of the 13th century.

Eleven thousand eleven hundred eleven - 11,111

A globe is a spherical model of Earth, of some other celestial body, or of the celestial sphere. Globes serve purposes similar to some maps, but unlike maps, do not distort the surface that they portray except to scale it down.

A sand dune is a mount, hill or ridge ofsand that lies behind the part of the beach affected by tides. They are formed over many years when windblown sand is trapped by beach grass or other stationary objects. ... Without vegetation, wind and waves regularly change the form and location of dunes.

When the plates move they collide or spread apart allowing the very hot molten material called lava to escape from the mantle. When collisions occur they produce mountains, deep underwater valleys called trenches, and volcanoes. The Earth is producing "new" crust where two plates are diverging or spreading apart. When two plate move towards each other they converge or come together. The collision between two plates that are moving towards each other is called a convergent boundary. The collision results in large damaging earthquakes. When two continental plates converge the result is the formation of large folded mountains.

Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of molten rock material. ... Examples of intrusive igneous rocks are diabase, diorite, gabbro, granite, pegmatite, and peridotite. Extrusive igneous rocks erupt onto the surface, where they cool quickly to form small crystals. Igneous rocks (from the Latin word for fire) form when hot, molten rock crystallizes and solidifies. The melt originates deep within the Earth near active plate boundaries or hot spots, then rises toward the surface. Igneous rocks form when magma (molten rock) cools and crystallizes, either at volcanoes on the surface of the Earth or while the melted rock is still inside the crust. All magma develops underground, in the lower crust or upper mantle, because of the intense heat there. Metamorphic rock can change into igneous or sedimentary rock. Igneous rock forms when magma cools and makes crystals. Magma is a hot liquid made of melted minerals. The minerals can form crystals when they cool.

Rocks that formed from magma are called igneous rocks. Igneous comes from the Latin word ignis which means "fire". Rocks that are formed from heat and pressure are called metamorphic rocks. Rocks that are formed from the cementing together of small pieces of rocks or shells are called sedimentary rocks. Igneous — they form from the cooling of magma deep inside the earth. Metamorphic — they are formed through the change (metamorphosis) of igneous and sedimentary rocks. They can form both underground and at the surface. Sedimentary — they are formed through the solidification of sediment.

A jagir was a type of feudal land grant in the Indian subcontinent at the foundation of its Jagirdar (Zamindar) system. It developed during the Islamic rule era of the Indian subcontinent, starting in the early 13th century, wherein the powers to govern and collect tax from an estate was granted to an appointee of the state. The tenants were considered to be in the servitude of the jagirdar. There were two forms of jagir, one being conditional and the other unconditional. The conditional jagir required the governing family to maintain troops and provide their service to the state when asked. The land grant was called iqta, usually for a holder's lifetime, and the land reverted to the state upon the death of the jagirdar.

The jagirdar system was introduced by the Delhi Sultanate,[2] and continued during the Mughal Empire, but with a difference. In the Mughal times, the jagirdar collected taxes which paid his salary and the rest to the Mughal treasury, while the administration and military authority was given to a separate Mughal appointee.After the collapse of Mughal Empire, the system of jagirs was retained by Rajput, Jat, Saini and Sikh jat kingdoms, and later in a form by the British East India Company.

• To unify the country culturally and socially Akbar initiated programs that gained him the loyalty of non-Muslims.
• He actively took part in every religious discussion before him and listened to every person from every religion very respectfully and patiently.
• He established good relations with people of all religions in the country especially Hindus.
• He would give equal opportunity to all the people from different religions to speak and present their point of view
• He made his court a cultural hub composed of scholars, painters and singers etc.

Akbar was the supreme Commander of the army. He established a centralized administration and ruled with the hotter of various ministers who were appointed by him. He had the right and power to dismiss them also if someone did not come up to his expectations. WAZIR advised him on all matters of administration. 

Akbar was an enlightened and successful administrator. It goes to the credit of Akbar that the subsequent Mughal rulers followed in principle the administrative policy developed by him.

Babur and Humayun had little time to take any initiative in formulating any administrative policy worth the name.

Important features of Akbar’s administration are given below:

Akbar’s ideal of Kingship. According to him, “Upon the conduct of a monarch depends the efficiency of any course of action. His gratitude to God should be shown in just government and due recognition of merit.”

The sources used by historians in the period 700 to 1750 (the Medieval Period) were quite different from the ones used in the period of Gupta dynasty and Hashavardhana. There is definitely some continuity in the sources used by the historians of both the distinct periods. For example, for obtaining information they still relied on 

But there is also significant discontinuity in the sources used by the historians of both the distinct periods. Some of the changes in the sources are as follows:

Dramatic increase in the number and variety of textual records. These slowly displaced other types of available information.

Paper became cheaper and more widely available as opposed to the earlier periods when people used to write on barks of birch trees, hides, walls of caves, etc. due to non-availability of paper.

An archive is defined as a place where documents and manuscripts are stored.

Today, all national and state governments have archives where they keep all their old official records and transactions.

Rock Cycle

The process of transformation of rocks from one form to an other in a cyclic manner is known as the rock cycle. It includes the following processes:

• Hot lava cools down to form igneous rocks.
• These igneous rocks are then broken down into small particles which are transported and then deposited. This results in the formation of sedimentary rocks
• When these igneous and sedimentary rocks are subjected to great heat and pressure, they change into metamorphic rocks.
• These metamorphic rocks under heat and pressure breakdown and form hot lava.
• This hot magma then again cools down and forms igneous rocks.

Many tribals followed jhum or shifting cultivation. They were involved in hunting and gathering activities. Many tribal groups were pastoralists who moved with their cattle or sheep according to seasons. They ploughed and cultivated land and gradually got the rights over the land. Some people who acquired power over fellow tribals became chiefs. Sometimes, the land belonged to an entire tribal clan such as the Mundals of the Chotanagpur Plateau.

Seaports were considered important because international trades took place through ships as they can carry thousands of tons of goods.

The Earth contains five major wind zones: polar easterlies, westerlies, horse latitudes, trade winds, and the doldrums. Polar easterlies are dry, cold prevailing winds that blow from the east. They emanate from the polar highs, areas of high pressure around the North and South Poles. There are three circulation cells: the Hadley cell nearest the equator, the Ferrel cell in the mid-latitudes, and the polar cell. There are three prevailing wind belts associated with these cells: the trade winds, the prevailing westerlies, and the polar easterlies.

The Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India defines and specifies allocation of powers and functions between Union & States. It contains three lists; i.e. 1) Union List, 2) State List and 3) Concurrent List.