Morphology of flowering plants questions

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How do the roots of the plants growing in swamps and marshes obtain their oxygen? A.1. The roots of the plants growing in swamps and marshes grow vertically upwards and respire. They become negatively geotropic. Q.2. Name some modifications of plant parts for the purpose of photosynthesis. A.2. The stem gets modified into a leaf-like structure to carry out photosynthesis. In plants like Trapa and Tinospora, the roots grow out of the soil and develop chlorophyll to perform photosynthesis. Q.3. What are the edible parts of ginger and onion? A.3. The modified stem is the edible part of ginger. All the food material is stored here. The fleshy leaves of onion are the edible parts. Q.4. Differentiate between pinnately compound leaf and palmately compound leaf? A.4. Pinnately Compound LeafPalmately Compound LeafThe midrib of the leaves is present on a common axis called the rachis.Leaflets are attached at the tip of the petiole. Q.5. Explain different types of phyllotaxy with suitable examples. A.5. The pattern in which the leaves are arranged on the stem is known as phyllotaxy. These are of three types: Alternate Phyllotaxy- The leaf arises from each node in an alternate manner. For eg., China rose, sunflower. Opposite Phyllotaxy- The leaves arising at each node lie opposite to each other. For eg., Calotropis Whorled Phyllotaxy– More than two leaves arise at each node and form a whorl. For eg., Alstonia Q.6. Describe the modifications of the stem. Give examples for the same. A.6. Modifications of the stem are as follows: Stem Tendrils- These may be branched with scaly leaves. Eg., Passiflora, Antogonon Stem Thorns- These are sharp needle-like structures that are formed to reduce transpiration and also act as a defence. For eg., Citrus, Pomegranate Phylloclades- These are green, flattened, succulent, leaf-shaped structures that perform photosynthesis. They possess indefinite growth. For eg., Opuntia, Euphorbia soyleana. Cladodes- They are green, photosynthetic of limited growth. The leaves are either modified into spines or reduced to scales. For eg., Ruscus, Asparagus Q.7. Which two roots develop from different parts of the angiosperm plant other than the radicle? A.7. Prop roots of the banyan tree- Develop from lower nodes of the stem of the tree Stilt roots in sugarcane- Arise from lower nodes of the stem and penetrate the soil. Both the roots are meant to provide support.