What happened during the year following …

During the year following 1815 when the fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists underground the following events happened:

1. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
2. To be revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom.
3. Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom.
4. One such individual was the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini. He was an Italian revolutionary founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy, and the German states. 
5. Giuseppe Mazzini believed that nations are natural units of mankind. In his view, the creation of nation-states is a necessary part of the struggle for freedom. So, Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty Following his model, secret societies were set-up in Germany France, Switzerland and Poland.
6. He was opposed to monarchy and believed in the vision of democratic republics. He did not believe in small states and kingdoms. 
7. Giuseppe Mazzini's relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives, Metternich described him as 'the most dangerous enemy of our social order'.