Through a focus of any two …

Development of Germany as a nation state:

1. A large number of political associations whose members were middle class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans as members were formed in Germany.
2. Romantic imagination and national feelings also became a major factor for formation of nation-state. Johann Gottfried Herder of Germany popularised the true spirit of nation through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances.
3. Otto von Bismarck had architected the process of unification with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. In Germany, three wars against Austria, Denmark and France were fought over seven years.

Development of nation state in Italy:

1. Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire.
2. Italy was divided into several states. These were being ruled by dynasties like Habsburg, Pope and Bourbon dynasty. Only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. 
3. Caricature of Garibaldi of Italy helped a lot in stimulating nationalistic feeling among masses.
4. Cavour established a tactful diplomatic alliance with France and won two Sicilies.