The ratio between the speed of light in medium to speed in a vacuum is the refractive index. When light travels in medium other than the vacuum, the atoms of that medium continually absorb and re-emit the particles of light, slowing down the speed light.

The formula of the refractive index is as follows:

n=c / v

Where,

n is the refractive index

c is the velocity of light in a vacuum ( 3 × 108 m/s)

v is the velocity of light in a substance

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