How and why Russia ,Austrian empire …

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By the quarter of the nineteenth century nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of the first half of the century, but became a narrow creed with limited ends. The most serious source of nationalists tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation. One by one its European subjects nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence. The Balkan area became an era of intense conflict. The Balkan states were jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of each other. But the idea that societies should be organized into ‘nation-states’ came to be accepted as natural and universal.