Mention two ways in which europe …

a. The French Revolution challenged absolute monarchy and established France as a Republic, the revolution also popularized the ideas of liberty , equality and fraternity. This became an example for other states in Europe.
b. The revolutionaries used various symbols like flag, ideas of fatherland to instill a sense of collective identity among the people.
c. The French revolution was the first expression of the feeling of nationalism in Europe. The revolutionaries further declared their mission to liberate Europe from despotism.
d. It was through the role of French army, by the activities and campaigns carried out by Jacobin clubs that idea of nation, of collective identity became poulraised.
e. Napolean who had conquered large part of Europe brought about administrative changes, uniform civil code, abolished feudal system. All this helped in creating a sense of unification.
f. He sought to modernize army set to conquer neighbouring European countries. He established control over the European Continent through a series of military victories and exported Napoleonic code to many European countries like Italy, Switzerland, Germany.
g. Napoleon also introduced weights and measures, introduced common currency.
h. All this facilitated economic and political unification in Europe