Summary of physical world

Gravitational Force – Weakest force; but has infinite range. (Not part of the standard model) Weak Nuclear Force – Next weakest; but short range. Electromagnetic Force – Stronger, with infinite range. Strong Nuclear Force – Strongest; but short range. Gravitational Force The gravitational force is weak but very long-ranged. Furthermore, it is always attractive. It acts between any two pieces of matter in the Universe since mass is its source. Weak Nuclear Force The weak force is responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions. It has a very short range and. As its name indicates, it is very weak. The weak force causes Beta-decay ie. the conversion of a neutron into a proton, an electron and an antineutrino. Electromagnetic Force The electromagnetic force causes electric and magnetic effects such as the repulsion between like electrical charges or the interaction of bar magnets. It is long-ranged but much weaker than the strong force. It can be attractive or repulsive and acts only between pieces of matter carrying an electrical charge. Electricity, magnetism, and light are all produced by this force. Strong Nuclear Force The strong interaction is very strong but very short-ranged. It is responsible for holding the nuclei of atoms together. It is basically attractive but can be effectively repulsive in some circumstances. The strong force is ‘carried’ by particles called gluons; that is, when two particles interact through the strong force, they do so by exchanging gluons. Thus, the quarks inside of the protons and neutrons are bound together by the exchange of the strong nuclear force.

From cbse exam point of view only (basic fundamental forces in our nature) topic is important.

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