Explain with an example to show …

B.

(i) Technological changes occurred slowly. 

(ii) Machines broke down and repairs were costly. 

(iii) Machines were not as effective as inventors and manufacturers claimed them to be. 

(iv) There were no buyers for machines.

(v) Technology was slow to be accepted by the industrialists. 

(vi) Demand in market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes. 

(vii) Aristocrats and bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hands. 

(viii) These were better finished and carefully designed.

A. 

The pace of industrialization was slow in England because of the following reasons:

• The cotton and iron and steel industries were the only industries who developed rapidly in England. The other industries were still using old technology.
• The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries. Even at the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors.
• Ordinary and small innovations (not big technological advancements) were the basis of growth in many non-mechanised sectors such as food processing, building, pottery, glass work, tanning, furniture making, and production of implements.
• Technological changes occurred slowly. New technology was expensive and merchants and industrialists were reluctant in using the new technology.