How is climate most important factor …

Climate is the single most important factor in soil formation. Most important climatic factors affecting soil formation are the amount and seasonal distribution of temperature and rainfall. Climate controls the type and effectiveness of weathering of the parent material, the quantity of water seeping through the soil and the type of micro-organisms present therein.
In areas of heavy rainfall and high temperature, the soils are red or lateritic. Torrential rainfall during the rainy season washes the upper soil and leaches the materials into deeper horizon. During the dry summer season the evaporation exceeds precipitation and through capillary action iron and aluminium sesquioxides are transported to the surface making the soil red.
In areas of alternate wet and dry climate, the leached material which goes deep down in the horizon is brought up and the blazing sun bakes the top soil so hard that it resembles a brick. Therefore, this soil is called lateritic which literally means brick. In arid and semi-arid regions, evaporation always exceeds precipitation. Under such circumstances, two main factors determine the nature and properties of soils. Firstly there is very little vegetation and the soils badly lack humus content.
Hence the soils are invariably of light colour. Secondly, the excess of evaporation makes soils lime accumulating. Thus they are bound to be pedocal in nature. Such soils are widely spread in the extreme western part of the country.
In cold climates of the Himalayan region, the process of vegetation decay is very low and the soils formed under such circumstances are acidic in nature. When the climatic control acts for a sufficiently long period, it reduces the differences in the parent materials. Two different parent materials may develop the same soil in the same type of climate.
Similarly, the same parent material may produce two different types of soils in two different types of climates. The crystalline granites produce laterite soil in relatively moist parts of the monsoonal region and non-laterite in drier areas.
Hot summer and low rainfall develops black soil as is found in some parts of Tamil Nadu irrespective of the parent rock. In Rajasthan, both granite and sandstone give birth to sandy soil under arid climate. This soil is poor in organic matter.

High temperature