Mathematics

Download CBSE class 10 Mathematics study material in PDF format. MyCBSEguide provides solved papers, board question papers, revision notes and NCERT solutions for CBSE class 10 Mathematics. The topics included are Polynomials, Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables, Quadratic Equations, Arithmetic Progressions, Triangles, Coordinate Geometry, Introduction to Trigonometry and its Applications, Circles, Constructions, Area Related to Circles, Surface Areas and Volumes, Statistics and Probability.

UNIT I: NUMBER SYSTEMS

1. REAL NUMBERS (15) Periods

Euclid's division lemma, Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic - statements after reviewing work done earlier and after illustrating and motivating through examples, Proofs of irrationality of {tex}\surd 2,\surd 3,\surd 5.{/tex}Decimal representation of rational numbers in terms of terminating/non-terminating recurring decimals.

UNIT II: ALGEBRA

1. POLYNOMIALS (7) Periods

Zeros of a polynomial. Relationship between zeros and coefficients of quadratic polynomials.Statement and simple problems on division algorithm for polynomials with real coefficients.

2. PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES (15) Periods

Pair of linear equations in two variables and graphical method of their solution, consistency/inconsistency.

Algebraic conditions for number of solutions. Solution of a pair of linear equations in two variables algebraically - by substitution, by elimination and by cross multiplication method. Simple situational problems. Simple problems on equations reducible to linear equations.

UNIT III: GEOMETRY

1. TRIANGLES (15) Periods

Definitions, examples, counter examples of similar triangles.

1. (Prove) If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides indistinct points, the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.

2. (Motivate) If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, the line is parallel to the third side.

3. (Motivate) If in two triangles, the corresponding angles are equal, their corresponding sides are proportional and the triangles are similar.

4. (Motivate) If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional, their corresponding angles are equal and the two triangles are similar.

5. (Motivate) If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of another triangle and the sides including these angles are proportional, the two triangles are similar.

6. (Motivate) If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of the right angle of a right triangle to the hypotenuse, the triangles on each side of the perpendicular are similar to the whole triangle and to each other.

7. (Prove) The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares on their corresponding sides.

8. (Prove) In a right triangle, the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides.

9. (Prove) In a triangle, if the square on one side is equal to sum of the squares on the other two sides, the angles opposite to the first side is a right angle.

UNIT IV: TRIGONOMETRY

1. INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY (10) Periods

Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle of a right-angled triangle. Proof of their existence (well defined); motivate the ratios whichever are defined at 0. Values (with proofs) of the trigonometric ratios. Relationships between the ratios.

2. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES (15) Periods

Proof and applications of the identity sin²A+cos²A=1. Only simple identities to be given. Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles.

UNIT V: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

1. STATISTICS (18) Periods

Mean, median and mode of grouped data (bimodal situation to be avoided). Cumulative frequency graph.

COURSE STRUCTURE
(SECOND TERM)

UNIT II: ALGEBRA (Contd.)

3. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS (15) Periods

Standard form of a quadratic equation ax²+bx+c=0,a notequal to 0. Solutions of quadratic equations(only real roots) by factorization, by completing the square and by using quadratic formula. Relationship between discriminant and nature of roots.

Situational problems based on quadratic equations related to day to day activities to be in coporates.

4. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS (8) Periods

Motivation for studying Arithmetic Progression Derivation of the nth term and sum of the first n terms of A.P. and their application in solving daily life problems.

UNIT III: GEOMETRY (Contd.)

2. CIRCLES (8) Periods

Tangent to a circle at a point.

1. (Prove) The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.

2. (Prove) The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to circle are equal.

3. CONSTRUCTIONS (8) Periods

1. Division of a line segment in a given ratio (internally).

2. Tangent to a circle from a point outside it.

3. Construction of a triangle similar to a given triangle.

UNIT IV: TRIGONOMETRY

3. HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES: Angle of elevation, Angle of Depression. (8) Periods

Simple problems on heights and distances. Problems should not involve more than two right triangles. Angles of elevation / depression should be only 30⁰, 45⁰, 60⁰.

UNIT V: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

2. PROBABILITY (10) Periods

Classical definition of probability. Simple problems on single events (not using set notation).

UNIT VI: COORDINATE GEOMETRY

1. LINES (In two-dimensions) (14) Periods

Review: Concepts of coordinate geometry, graphs of linear equations. Distance between two points. Section formula (internal division). Area of a triangle.

UNIT VII: MENSURATION

AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES (12) Periods

Motivate the area of a circle; area of sectors and segments of a circle. Problems based on areas and perimeter / circumference of the above said plane figures. (In calculating area of segment of a circle, problems should be restricted to central angle of 60⁰, 90⁰ and 120⁰ only. Plane figures involving triangles, simple quadrilaterals and circle should be taken.)

2. SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES (12) Periods

(i) Surface areas and volumes of combinations of any two of the following: cubes, cuboids, spheres,hemispheres and right circular cylinders/cones. Frustum of a cone.

(ii) Problems involving converting one type of metallic solid into another and other mixed problems.(Problems with combination of not more than two different solids be taken.)