The merits of electoral competition are:

1. Without competition, the election would become meaningless. If there are no competitors, then there would be assurance of winning the election by the single party. The competition in election holds the contestants accountable.

2. The competition in the election also increases the voter’s knowledge of the representation.

3. The competition keeps the political leaders motivated to work for the upliftment of the society and country.

4. Winning in an election also acts as a reward for the leaders who work for the people. The one who works efficiently is reflected by the citizens.

5. This competition compels the leaders to raise the issues of people as this would increase their popularity and helps them in winning the election.

India has all the major physical features of the Earth, i.e., mountains, plains, deserts, plateaus and islands. The different regions of the country have different soil types. Though India has an essentially monsoon-type of climate, there exists great variations in humidity and temperature across the country. Even the rains brought by the monsoon winds are unevenly distributed. Hence, each factor responsible for the type of flora and fauna in an area, namely land, soil, temperature, humidity and precipitation, are variable across the length and breadth of the country. As a result, the flora and fauna found in India is diverse and rich.

On the basis of the availability of water, tropical deciduous forests are divided into - 
Moist deciduous, and
Dry deciduous
The moist deciduous forests are found in areas having rainfall between 200 and 100 cm. As such these forests exist in the north-eastern states, along the foothills of the Himalayas, Jharkahnd, West Orissa and Chhattisgrah and on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats. These forests are a storehouse of trees like teak, bamboos, sal, shisham, sandalwood, khair, kusum etc. The dry deciduous forests are found in areas having rainfall between 100 cm and 70 cm. These forests are found in the rainier parts of the peninsular plateau and the plains of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Trees like teak, sal, peepal and neem are found in these forests.

• Forests are renewable resources and play a major role in enhancing the quality of the environment.
• They modify the local climate and control soil erosion.
• They regulate the flow of streams and support a variety of industries like the rubber industry.
• Forests also provide a livelihood for many communities.
• They also offer panoramic or scenic view for recreation.
• They control the wind force and temperature and cause rainfall.
• They provide humus to the soil and shelter to wildlife

• This is the transition period during the months of October and November.
• With the apparent movement of the Sun towards the south, the low pressure trough over the northern plains becomes weaker. This is gradually replaced by a high pressure system.
• The south-west monsoon winds weaken and start withdrawing gradually.
• By the beginning of October, the monsoon withdraws from the northern plains.
• The months of October and November form a period of transition from hot rainy season to dry winter conditions.
• When monsoons retreat, skies get clear and the temperature rises.
• While day temperatures are high, nights are cool and pleasant. The land is still moist.
• Owing to the conditions of high temperature and humidity, the weather becomes oppressive during the day. This is commonly known as October Heat.
• The low pressure conditions get transferred to the Bay of Bengal by early November.
• The cyclonic depressions originate from the Andaman Sea and cause heavy and widespread rains on the eastern coast.
• These tropical cyclones are often very destructive and affect the coast of Odisha, West Bengal and Bangladesh.

1. Latitude - Temperature decreases as we move towards the poles.
2. Altitude - As we go up, temperature decreases.
3. Pressure - Pressure depends on altitude and latitude and can affect temperature and rainfall.
4. Distance from the sea  - If a place is nearer to the sea, temperature is moderate and if we move away, temperature is temperate.
5.Ocean currents - Affect coastal areas.
6. Relief - If present on the windward side, more  rainfall and if present on the   leeward side, then less rainfall..

Loo :- The loo is a strong , hot and dry Sumner afternoon wind from the west which blows over the western indo- gangetic plan region of North india and Pakistan, it is especially strong in the months of may and June.

Dust storms :- A dust storm or sand storm is a meteorological phenomenon common in arid and semi arid regions.
Dust storm arises when a gust front or other strong wind blows loose Sand and dirt from a dry surface .
Particles are transported by sanitation and suspension , a process that moves soil one place and deposits it in another . The term sandstorm is used most often in the content of desert sandstorms, especially in the Sahara, or places like were sand is more prevalent soil type than dirt or rock.

There are large number of factors influencing climate of india.one such factor is latitude.tropic of cancer almost divides the country in two equal parts from rann of kuchh to mizoram.the region lying south of the tropic of cancer is tropical where as the region in north is subtropical.therefore,india receives both tropical as well as subtropical climate.

Elements of weather and climate and temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, solar energy, humidity, precipitation and topography.

WEATHER: Weather is the state of the atmosphere, describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. ... Weather refers to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the term for the averaging of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time.

CLIMATE: the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period.

The wealthy Parsis of western India were among the first to adopt western style clothing.

Baggy trousers and the Phenta were added to long colourless coats with boots and a walking stick to look like a gentleman.

To some western clothes were a sign of modernity and progress.

There were others who were convinced that western culture would lead to a loss of traditional cultural identity.

The use of western style clothes was taken as a sign of the world turning upside down.

Some men resolved this dilemma by wearing western clothes without giving up their Indian ones

The following points state how the two World Wars responsible in bringing changes in women’s clothing
(i) Many European women stopped wearing jewellery and luxurious clothes. As upper class women mixed with other classes, social barriers were eroded and women began to dress in similar ways.
(ii) Clothes became shorter during the First World War out of necessity. By 1971, many women were employed in ammunition factories and they wore a working uniform of blouse and trousers with scarves.
(iii) Women’s working uniform later became khaki overalls and caps. Bright colours were replaced by sober colours.
(iv) Women’s clothes became plainer, simpler and shorter giving them greater freedom of movement.
(v) Trousers became a vital part of Western women’s clothing. Most important, women took to cutting their hair short for convenience. A plain and austere style came to reflect seriousness and professionalism.

The laws prevented the social inferiors from wearing certain clothes, consuming certain foods and beverages and hunting game in certain areas.

The establishment of the Parsi Gymkhana led other Indians to establish clubs based on religion. By the 1890s, Hindu Gymkhana and Islam Gymkhana were established. The teams which played colonial India’s famous first-class cricket tournament did not represent India but represented different religious communities.The Quadrangular tournament had four teams, viz, the Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus and the Muslims.
It later became the Pentangular with an extra fifth team, the Rest, which comprised all the communities left over, such as the Indian Christians.
The racial and communal foundation of the Pentangular tournament was severely criticised by the journalists, cricketers and political leaders. A rival first-class tournament on regional lines, the National Cricket Championship (later known as the Ranji Trophy) was introduced initially but, it could not properly replace Pentangular until independence.

The three important changes introduced in the game of cricket during the 19th Century are :

• The rule of wide ball was applied and the exact circumference of the ball was specified.
• The exact circumferencw of the ball was specified.
• Protective equipments like pads and gloves became available.

(1)When enclosures came up, the enclosed land became the exclusive property of one landowner.

(2) The poor could no longer collect their firewood from the forests, or graze their cattle on the commons.

(3)They could no longer collect apples and berries, or hunt small animals for meat.

(4)Everything had a price which the poor could not afford to pay. The poor were displaced from the land leading to migration in search of work.

(5)Deprived of their rights, and driven off the land, they tramped in search of work. From the Midland, they moved to the southern contries of England. This was a region that was most intensively cultivated, and there was a great demand for agricultural labourers. But nowhere could the poor find secure jobs.

Enclosure, also spelled Inclosure,  the division or consolidation of communal fields, meadows, pastures, and other arable lands in western Europe into the carefully delineated and individually owned and managed farm plots of modern times. Before enclosure, much farmland existed in the form of numerous, dispersed strips under the control of individual cultivators only during the growing season and until harvesting was completed for a given year. Thereafter, and until the next growing season, the land was at the disposal of the community for grazing by the village livestock and for other purposes. To enclose land was to put a hedge or fence around a portion of this open land and thus prevent the exercise of common grazing and other rights over it.

In England the movement for enclosure began in the 12th century and proceeded rapidly in the period 1450–1640, when the purpose was mainly to increase the amount of full-time pasturage available to manorial lords. Much enclosure also occurred in the period from 1750 to 1860, when it was done for the sake of agricultural efficiency. By the end of the 19th century the process of the enclosure of common lands in England was virtually complete.

In the rest of Europe enclosure made little progress until the 19th century. Agreements to enclose were not unknown in Germany in the 16th century, but it was not until the second half of the 18th century that the government began to issue decrees encouraging enclosure. Even then, little advance was made in western Germany until after 1850. The same policy of encouragement by decree was followed in France and Denmark from the second half of the 18th century, in Russia after the emancipation of the serfs (1861), and in Czechoslovakia and Poland after World War I. Common rights over arable land—which constitute the most formidable obstacle to modern farming—have now for the most part been extinguished, but some European land is still cultivated in the scattered strips characteristic of common fields, and common rights continue over large areas of pasture and woodland.

Bhabhar is a narrow belt lying parallel to the Shiwaliks. When rivers come down from the mountains, they deposit pebbles in this belt lying parallel to the Siwaliks. All rivers disappear into the bhabhar belt.

Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir are herders of goat and sheep.

1. They move between their winter and summer grounds. In winters when the ground is covered with snow, they live with their herds in the Siwalik range.

2. The herds feed on the dry scrub forests. By April, they start moving to their summer grazing grounds.

3. After crossing the Pir Panjal passes they reach the Kashmir valley. With the onset of summer, the snow has melted, and the valley is covered with variety of flowers and grasses.

4. They provide nutritious forage for the animals. By the end of September, they come back to their winter homes in the Siwalik.

In nomadic pastoralism, herdsmen move from place to place with their animals for fodder and water, along defined routes. This type of movement arises in response to climatic constraints and terrain.

The English East India Company was a private concern formed by some English merchants. They acquired from Queen Elizabeth I in 1600 the exclusive right to carry out trade with the East. This was allowed by the Queen in return for a share in profits. Sir Thomas Roe visited the Mughal court in 1615 and received many trade concessions from Emperor Jahangir. Hence, by 1623, factories had been built in Surat, Broach, and Masulipatnam, Ahmadabad, and Agra.

In 1639, British acquired Madras from a local ruler and fortified the post by building Fort St. George. In 1668. King Charles II of England gave the island of Bombay, which he had received as dowry on his marriage to the Portuguese princess Catherine De Braganza, to the Company. The Company fortified it and by 18th century, it became an important trading town. By the end of the 17th century, the Company had also established a factory at Calcutta and constructed Fort William to protect it. It was thus that the three Presidencies of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta were born, and governors were appointed for each by the Company.

The English East India Company was a private concern formed by some English merchants. They acquired from Queen Elizabeth I in 1600 the exclusive right to carry out trade with the East. This was allowed by the Queen in return for a share in profits. Sir Thomas Roe visited the Mughal court in 1615 and received many trade concessions from Emperor Jahangir. Hence, by 1623, factories had been built in Surat, Broach, and Masulipatnam, Ahmadabad, and Agra.

In 1639, British acquired Madras from a local ruler and fortified the post by building Fort St. George. In 1668. King Charles II of England gave the island of Bombay, which he had received as dowry on his marriage to the Portuguese princess Catherine De Braganza, to the Company. The Company fortified it and by 18th century, it became an important trading town. By the end of the 17th century, the Company had also established a factory at Calcutta and constructed Fort William to protect it. It was thus that the three Presidencies of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta were born, and governors were appointed for each by the Company.