Transformation of Rural Society

• an increase in the use of agricultural labour as cultivation became more intensive;
• a shift from payment in kind (grain) to payment in cash;
• a loosening of traditional bonds or hereditary relationships between farmers or landowners and agricultural workers (known as bonded labour);

Contrast between the composition of the caste and the tribe.

(a) A tribe theoretically is a territorial group while a caste is a socio-cultural group. When a tribe loses its territorial character, it takes the form of a caste.

(b) Each tribe has its own distinct language than the other but it is not the case with a caste. A tribe never imposes restrictions on its members regarding the choice of occupation but a caste usually promotes hereditary occupations and the principle of birth.

(c) Caste and tribe emphasise and perpetuate collective identities in strikingly similar ways. A caste or tribe may change its name and also its mode of livelihood and still retains its collective identity.

(d) The tribes have segmentary, egalitarian system and are not mutually inter-dependent like the castes which show a system of stratification and organic solidarity.

a n s w e r is
Stereotypes: A fixed and inflexible characterisation of a group of people. A fixed, often simplistic generalisation, about a particular group or class of people.

The main objective is to achieve a stable population at a level consistent with the requirements of sustainable economic growth, social development, and environmental protection. Several policies have been formulated in different Five-Year Plans by the Government of India for population control. The immediate objective is to address the unmet needs for contraception, health care infrastructure and health personnel and to provide integrated service delivery for basic reproductive and child health care.

According to writers including Gautam Kumar Bera, there was already a distinct geo-political, cultural entity called Jharkhand even before the Magadha Empire. In 2000 a campaign led by the BJP for a separate state culminated with the passage of the Bihar Reorganisation Act, creating Jharkhand as a new Indian state. Chhattisgarh reconstituted Madhya Pradesh; Uttaranchal reformed Uttar Pradesh; and Jharkhand was carved out of Bihar. The basis for the creation of these states is said to be socio-political and not linguistic. Jharkhand was carved out of the 18 districts of southern Bihar.

Formation of caste based associations and political parties is known as 'Secularisation of caste'

Secularisation of caste – formation of caste based associations and political parties. – seeking votes and fielding candidates on caste lines - assertion of rights, by caste based organisations

Green Revolution in its two phases was successful. In the first phase it increased the yield of wheat dramatically which is a staple food grain in most states.In the second phase the revolution spread to other states and other crops which made India self sufficient in food grains.It helped farmers sell their produce in market which reduced the market price of food grains and food was affordable for all. There were two phases to the Green Revolution; the first spanned from 1960 to the mid 1970's and was “.. primarily concentrated on wheat and was associated with a substantial rise in both yield per unit area and total output, especially in North India.”

There were two phases to the Green Revolution; the first spanned from 1960 to the mid 1970’s and was “..primarily concentrated on wheat and was associated with a substantial rise in both yield per unit area and total output, especially in North India.” (Putnaik,2000:81). As targets were reached the profitability of producing cereals rose also. Putnaik states that “…considerable capitalist investment was visible, especially in North India” which was historically associated with colonial British rule and implemented where irrigation systems were already in place.

The second phase of the Green Revolution dated from 1975 to the present day and has seen the Punjab region becoming ‘phased-in’ as a HYV of rice growing region:

“High yielding rice has emerged as a second crop grown primarily for sale in the traditionally wheat-growing region of North India which had already benefited the most from the first round of technical change” (Patnaik,2000: 82). The capitalistic system saw the same people profiting from phase two as did from phase one and the divide continues to widen.

(i) Age composition refers to the number of people in different age groups in a country. It is the most basic characteristic of a population.
(ii) To an important degree, a person's age influences what he needs, buys, does and his capacity to perform.
(iii) Consequently, the number and percentage of a population found within the children, working age and aged groups are notable determinants of the population's social and economic structure.

Prejudice means to judge others in a negative way or to see them as inferior. People who are prejudiced may criticise the religious beliefs, habits, customs, dressing styles and languages of other people.

Discrimination is the result of prejudiced thinking and creating stereotypes. Discrimination occurs when people are treated unequally and are not given due respect because of the caste to which they belong or because of the work they do. In India, people are discriminated against on the basis of their caste, class, gender, religion, wealth and occupation. For example, people belonging to the lower castes are discriminated against in various ways. In many areas even today, they are neither allowed to enter into temples nor can they draw water from wells.

In short, Westernization is about the adoption of “Western” values. On the other hand, Modernization has a wider connotation. In fact, Westernization is a sub-process of Modernization. ... In other words, Modernization is a change or modification which offers the promise of the preservation of the past. Modernity is defined as a condition of social existence that is significantly different to all past forms of human experience, while modernization refers to the transitional process of moving from “traditional” or “primitive” communities to modern societies.

The Indian society is divided into four main castes- the Brahmins, Khastriyas, Vaishyas and the Shudras. Caste system forms the basis of discrimination when the people of lower castes are discriminated by the people of higher castes. The Shudras or the untouchables since centuries have been forced to do menial work and are looked down. They were also allowed to receive any kind of education.

India is witnessing the third stage of demographic transition from 1971. During the 1970s, the country witnessed a decline in death rate which was almost the same as the decline in birth rate, leading to a plateau in population growth in 1960s and 1970s.

Respondents may not be fully aware of their reasons for any given answer because of lack of memory on the subject, or even boredom. Surveys with closed-ended questions may have a lower validity rate than other question types. Data errors due to question non-responses may exist. Surveys allow you to reach thousands of possible participants if necessary, which ensures a more accurate sample in which to draw conclusions. The anonymity of surveys allows people to feel more candid with their responses. To get accurate data, you need your participants to be as honest as possible with their answers.

Small scale industries (SSI) are those industries in which manufacturing, providing services, productions are done on a small scale or micro scale. For example, these are the ideas of Small scale industries: Napkins, tissues, chocolates, toothpick, water bottles, small toys, papers, pens. Small scale industries play an important role in social and economic development of India. These industries do a one-time investment in machinery, plants, and industries which could be on an ownership basis, hire purchase or lease basis. But it does not exceed Rs. 1 Crore.

Prejudice means to judge others in a negative way or to see them as inferior. People who are prejudiced may criticise the religious beliefs, habits, customs, dressing styles and languages of other people.

Discrimination is the result of prejudiced thinking and creating stereotypes. Discrimination occurs when people are treated unequally and are not given due respect because of the caste to which they belong or because of the work they do. In India, people are discriminated against on the basis of their caste, class, gender, religion, wealth and occupation. For example, people belonging to the lower castes are discriminated against in various ways. In many areas even today, they are neither allowed to enter into temples nor can they draw water from wells.

In 1833, the Mahalwari settlement was introduced in the Punjab, the central provinces and parts of North western provinces. Under this system the basic unit of revenue settlement was the village or the Mahal. As the village lands belonged jointly to the village community, the responsibility of paying’ the revenue rested with the entire mahal or the village community. So the entire land of the village was measured at the time of fixing the revenue.