Large scale industries were established due to the advancing technology and the country became industrialised. New cities emerged around those industries. First small settlements cropped up around these industries, then markets and shops were opened to provide the people with essential commodities. Then hotels, schools, colleges, offices, companies, etc. were set up for the people. In this way, gradually cities were developed and urbanisation took place. In this way, we can say that technology plays a great role in the process of urbanisation.

The disadvantages of Green Revolution were:

1. This revolution created stark contrast between poor peasants and the landlords produced conditions favourable for leftwing organisations to organise the poor peasants. Discrimination and exploitation of poor farmers by the landlords became a wide set practice.
2. This revolution also resulted in the rise of middleman peasants sections. These were farmers with medium size holdings, who benefited from the changes and soon emerged politically influential in many parts of the country.

Annual Growth Rate The rate at which the number of individuals in a population increase in 1 year as a fraction of the initial population is called an annual growth rate of population.
The annual growth rate is affected by the birth rate in the following ways:

1. With the increase in birth rate, the annual growth rate generally increases.
2. For a larger population, even having a lower birth rate, the annual growth rate keeps on increasing.
3. For example, since 1981 the birth rates declined rapidly, still 18.20 crore people were added to the total population in the 1990s alone. If we calculate the annual growth rate based on these data it becomes very high.

The two principles to understand the theoretical interpretation of caste are hierarchy and discrimination.  

Explanation:  

• The Indian societal system used to be divided into small groups based on their traditional occupation of varnas. These occupations were placed in a hierarchical fashion and created the basis of the caste system.  
• The second principle that guided this system into place is the aspect of discrimination. The upper classes discriminated against the lower castes based on their varnas and made them do the menial tasks of the society.
• The lower castes were subjected to centuries of conditioning and accepted this as their fate without questioning.

1. Increasing inter regional, economic and infrastructural inequalities.
2. The states are not developed in some uniform manner, some are well developed while some to receive attention. This creates discord among the citizens and a feeling of alievation.
3. The market economy tends to increase the gap between developed and backward classes. The rich tend to get richer while the poor tend to get poorer.

1. Sanskritisation process promoted the sacred outlook; while Westernisation process promoted secular outlook.
2. Sanskritisation is a process of upward mobility by a process of imitation while Westernisation is a process of upward mobility by a process of development.
3. Sanskritisation implies mobility within the framework of caste while Westernisation implies mobility outside the framework of caste.
4. While Sanskritisation puts a taboo on meat-eating and consumption of alcohol, Westernisation promoted meat-eating and consumption of alcohol.

The basic task of a manager is to control workers and get more work out of them. There are two main ways of making workers produce more. One is to extend the working hours. The other is to increase the amount that is produced within a given time period. Machinery helps to increase production, but it also creates the danger that eventually machines will replace workers. That is why both Marx and Mahatma Gandhi saw mechanisation as a danger to employment.

 Traders, moneylenders, missionaries, Hindu landlords, and the British were the outsiders being referred to as dikus. 

The rituals have secular dimensions as distinguished from secular goals by : Provides occasion to socialize with friends and kin, to show off wealth and style to enhance social status. Rituals have a new dimension of social, economic and political status for e.g. no. of VIPs attending wedding provide the index to the household’s standing in the local community.  

• The word Sociology is derived from the Latin word ‘socius’ meaning ‘companion or associate (society)’ and the Greek word ‘logos’ meaning ‘study or science’. Thus, the etymological meaning of ‘Sociology’ is the ‘science of society’.
• Sociology is the study of human social life, groups and societies. Its subject matter is our own behaviour as social beings.
• Sociology is not the first subject to study society. This is evident in the writings of philosophers, religious teachers, and legislators of all civilisations and epochs. Thinking about our lives and about society is by no means confined to philosophers and social thinkers. All of us do have ideas about our own everyday life.

Colonialism brought into being new political, economic and social structural changes.  While the focus is on specific colonial context we also briefly touch on developments after independence. For example, Bombay during British India was planned and re-developed so that by 1900 over three-quarters of India's raw cotton were shipped through the city. Urbanization in the colonial period led to the decline of some earlier urban centres and the emergence of new colonial cities.