The genetic makeup of women is one of the major factors that is responsible for the long life of women. The mutations in the mitochondrial DNA cause the men to age faster than women. The mitochondrial DNA is inherited from mothers, therefore, the mutations that occur in female mitochondrial genes are monitored and the dangerous mutations are eliminated. Since the male mitochondrial genes are not monitored, the mutations get accumulated.

Social evils such as dowry, sati-system, child marriage, and female infanticide were widely prevalent in the early ages. The spread of education and self-consciousness among women has led to their progress over the period.

Increased fiscal space because of the demographic dividend allows for the diverting of resources meant for children and older population to invest in human capital and infrastructure. Increase in women workforce because of the decline in fertility rate allows for an increase in economic growth.

Demographers seek to understand population dynamics by investigating three main demographic processes: birth, migration, and aging (including death). All three of these processes contribute to changes in populations, including how people inhabit the earth, form nations and societies, and develop culture.

Demographers seek to understand population dynamics by investigating three main demographic processes: birth, migration, and aging (including death). All three of these processes contribute to changes in populations, including how people inhabit the earth, form nations and societies, and develop culture.

The westernisation among middle class created generation gap and made it more complex. Modernisation is about improvement in technology and production process it is a wider than westernization.

A rising dependency ratio is a cause for worry in countries that are facing an ageing population, since it becomes difficult for a relatively smaller proportion of working-age people to carry the burden of providing for a relatively larger proportion of dependents.

Indian society is a pluralistic society with a complex social order characterised by a multitude of ethnic, linguistic, religious and caste divisions. Hindus constitute the majority community and comprise about 82% of the population. They stand evenly distributed across regions.

he press, the radio and television play a big role in the life of the society. They inform, educate and entertain people. They also influence the way people look at the world and make them change their views. Mass media plays a very important role in organizing public opinion.

In the case of India, the empire building of capitalist times was applicable. The following are the reasons:

1. The policies of the British was targeted towards gaining profit and the expansion of the British empire in India.
2. The laws of land ownership were changed.
3. There was a big change in the production and distribution of goods.
4. Forests were cleared and plantations were done in those areas.

The word ‘Demography’ is a combination of two Greek words, ‘Demos’ meaning people and ‘Graphy’ meaning science. Thus demography is the science of people. Demography is the statistical and mathematical study of the size, composition, and spatial distribution of human populations and how these features change over time. Data are obtained from a census of the population and from registries: records of events like birth, deaths, migrations, marriages, divorces, diseases, and employment.
Importance of Demography:

• For the Economy: It helps to understand the growth rate of the economy and the growth rate of the population. If the population is increasing at a faster rate, the pace of development of the economy will be slow. In such a case, the government has to undertake corrective measures to control the growth of population and to accelerate the development of the economy. Rapid population growth reduces per capita income, lowers the standard of living, resulting in mass unemployment and underemployment. It may cause environmental damage and puts an extra burden on existing social infrastructure. Hence we can conclude that the study of demography is very important to an economy.
• For Economic Planning: Data relating to the present trend in population growth help the planners in formulating policies for the economic plan of the country for the future. Considering the population growth rate targets of agricultural and industrial products, of social and basic services like schools and other educational institutions, hospitals, houses, electricity, transport, etc. are fixed. In case of high population growth rate, it is used in formulating a policy to control the birth rate.
• For Society: Rapid population growth reduces per capita income, lowers the standard of living, resulting in mass unemployment and underemployment. It puts stress on basic services like water, electricity, transport and communications, public health, education, etc. It may also result in migration and unplanned urbanization which further lead to unavailability of civic amenities and the law and order problem. Hence to have a check on this problem, there is a necessity of the study of demography.
• For Administrators / Government: In under-developed countries, almost all social and economic problems are associated with the growth of population. The government has to tackle and find solutions to the problems arising from the growth of population. Rapid population growth leads to unplanned urbanization which further leads to problems like coming up of shanty towns, pollution, drainage, water, electricity, transport, etc. in cities.
• For Political System: The information obtained through the study of demography is used by the election commission to the demarcation of constituencies. It also gives information about the increase and decrease in the number of voters. Political parties can frame their policies and election manifestos at the time of elections.

Large scale industries were established due to the advancing technology and the country became industrialised. New cities emerged around those industries. First small settlements cropped up around these industries, then markets and shops were opened to provide the people with essential commodities. Then hotels, schools, colleges, offices, companies, etc. were set up for the people. In this way, gradually cities were developed and urbanisation took place. In this way, we can say that technology plays a great role in the process of urbanisation.