The employment-to-population ratio is equal to the number of persons employed divided by the working-age population and multiplied by 100. The employment-to-population ratio provides information on the ability of an economy to provide employment for those who want to work. Working population refers to the number of people who are willing and eligible to work. Those who are above 15 years of age and willing to work are considered in this bracket. Retirement age differs from one country to another so respective working populations are affected accordingly.

  Jati Panchayat : In addition to the village panchayat each caste or jati in the village had its own jati panchayat under Mughals.
 Functions :
(1) Jati panchayats wielded considerable power in rural society. In Rajasthan jati panchayats arbitrated civil disputes between members of different castes.
(2) Jati panchayats mediated in contested claims on land, decided whether marriages were performed according to the norms laid down by a particular caste group, determined who had ritual precedence in village functions, and so on.

Industrial Revolution in Britain had a significant impact on Indian economy. Exports of textiles from India came down as Europeans took over trade by getting concession and trade monopoly from Indian rulers. Colonial power expanded and led to the growth of cities like Bombay and Calcutta. It's a process in which the industrial activity in a country or region is removed or reduced because of a major economic or social change. There are many reasons why this can happen. Overall, deindustrialization usually occurs because a particular industrial activity is no longer economically viable.

Features of Social Movement

• Requires sustained collective action over time. Such action is often directed against the state and takes the form of demanding changes in state policy or practice.
• Collective action must be marked by some degree of organisation. This organisation may include a leadership and a structure that defines how members relate to each other, make decisions and carry them out.
• Those participating in a social movement also have shared objectives and ideologies. A social movement has a general orientation or way of approaching to bring about (or to prevent) change.
• These defining features are not constant. They may change over the course of a social movement’s life.
• Social movements cannot change society easily. Since it goes against both entrenched interests and values, there is bound to be opposition and resistance. But over a period of time changes do take place.

India has more than 50% of its population below the age of 25 and more than 65% below the age of 35. It is expected that, in 2020, the average age of an Indian will be 29 years, compared to 37 for China and 48 for Japan; and, by 2030, India's dependency ratio should be just over 0.4.

• Issues relating to control over vital economic resources like land and specially forests.
• Issues relating to matters of ethnic-cultural identity.

Two to three generations of people who live together in small settlements or villages are related to one other. Such kinds of groups are known as tribes.

The term dominant caste is used to refer to a caste which yields economic or political power and occupies a fairly high position in the hierarchy. Srinivas says that the existence of dominant caste is not particular to Rampura village only. It is also found in other villages of the country.

• 'Varna' is a division of society based on occupation while 'Jati' is a division that was not restricted to only caste or 'varna' system. It is a division based on birth units of Hindu society. 
• There are only four varnas but there are thousand of jatis. In fact, whenever Brahmanical authorities encountered new groups like the ' forest dwellers', they classified them as a jati.
• 'Varna' is an ancient division with origin in the Vedas. 'Jati' is of a later origin. 

For a caste to be dominant, it should own a sizeable amount of the arable land locally available, have strength of numbers and occupy a high place in the local hierarchy. Dominant castes have localised existance and operate as reference models for Sanskritising castes.

The term is derived from the Portuguese word ‘casta’ which means pure breed. In other words it also means a group/community of people. The word refers to a broad institutional arrangement that in Indian languages (beginning with the ancient Sanskrit) is referred to by two distinct terms, varna and jati.

As the age structure of the population indicates, India is one of youngest countries in the world. We have seen from census of 2001 that age-group of 15-59 years is 59% of the total population while it is 34% in case of 0-4 years age group and 7% in 60 + years. It is a position that provides a demographic dividend because India has a vast work-force of youth. As India's one-third population was below 15 years i.e. in 0-14 year age group in 2000, it will attain 29 years age in 2020 while in case of China and USA it will 37, in Western Europe it will 45 and in Japan it will attain 48 years. Thus, India with remain more youth than these countries. This implies a large and growing labour force which can deliver unexpected benefits in terms of growth and prosperity.

No doubt, therefore, it is favourable position of age structure yet this work force can bring amazing prosperity to India only if they are provided with productive education and employment within the country. In absence of education, their productivity will remain lower and if they remain unemployed, then they are unable to earn at all and become dependent rather than earners.
Hence, we can stat that mere change in age structure can not guarantee any benefits unless it is properly utilised through planned development. In our country, dependency ratio is worked out by working out working age and non-working age population while it should be worked out by taking in account, the ratio of non-workers to workers. We see that dependency ratio in terms of workers and non-workers in India has fallen from 79 in 1970 to 64 in 2005 but age based dependency ratio is projected to fall to 48 in 2025 due to continued fall in the proportion of children in the total population and it will rise to 50 by 2050 because of an increase inthe proportion of the aged people viz. they will till then become old.
As data from to National Sample Survey Studies of 1999-2000 say and census of 2001 reveals, the growth of employment between 1987 and 1994 for rural and urban youth was recorded 2.4% while it was fallen to 0.3% between 1994 and 2004. Hence, it can not be hoped that this demographic dividend would be utilised and exploited in India for her prosperity and growth.

Malthus examined the relationship between population growth and resources in one of his works. He then proposed the Malthusian theory of population where he said that the population grows exponentially and the food supply grows arithmetically and that a balance between the two can be established through positive and preventive checks.

Factors responsible for the decline in *** ratio in India:
 (i)  *** specific abortion - foeticide.
(ii)  Female infanticide.
(iii) Preference for male child
(iv) Severe neglect of infants -girls.

Jati Panchayat : In addition to the village panchayat each caste or jati in the village had its own jati panchayat under Mughals.

Functions :
(1) Jati panchayats wielded considerable power in rural society. In Rajasthan jati panchayats arbitrated civil disputes between members of different castes.

(2) Jati panchayats mediated in contested claims on land, decided whether marriages were performed according to the norms laid down by a particular caste group, determined who had ritual precedence in village functions, and so on.