As the age structure of the population indicates, India is one of youngest countries in the world. We have seen from census of 2001 that age-group of 15-59 years is 59% of the total population while it is 34% in case of 0-4 years age group and 7% in 60 + years. It is a position that provides a demographic dividend because India has a vast work-force of youth. As India's one-third population was below 15 years i.e. in 0-14 year age group in 2000, it will attain 29 years age in 2020 while in case of China and USA it will 37, in Western Europe it will 45 and in Japan it will attain 48 years. Thus, India with remain more youth than these countries. This implies a large and growing labour force which can deliver unexpected benefits in terms of growth and prosperity.
No doubt, therefore, it is favourable position of age structure yet this work force can bring amazing prosperity to India only if they are provided with productive education and employment within the country. In absence of education, their productivity will remain lower and if they remain unemployed, then they are unable to earn at all and become dependent rather than earners.
Hence, we can stat that mere change in age structure can not guarantee any benefits unless it is properly utilised through planned development. In our country, dependency ratio is worked out by working out working age and non-working age population while it should be worked out by taking in account, the ratio of non-workers to workers. We see that dependency ratio in terms of workers and non-workers in India has fallen from 79 in 1970 to 64 in 2005 but age based dependency ratio is projected to fall to 48 in 2025 due to continued fall in the proportion of children in the total population and it will rise to 50 by 2050 because of an increase inthe proportion of the aged people viz. they will till then become old.

As data from to National Sample Survey Studies of 1999-2000 say and census of 2001 reveals, the growth of employment between 1987 and 1994 for rural and urban youth was recorded 2.4% while it was fallen to 0.3% between 1994 and 2004. Hence, it can not be hoped that this demographic dividend would be utilised and exploited in India for her prosperity and growth.

Socialism is an economic and political system under which the means of production are publicly owned. Production and consumer prices are controlled by the government to best meet the needs of the people. Capitalism is an economic system under which the means of production are privately owned. Precapitalist  in which capitalism has not yet been introduced.

The juxtaposition of these two groups – a seemingly caste-less upper castegroup and an apparently caste-defined lower caste group – is one of the centralaspects of the institution of caste in the present. 'Tribe' is a modern term for communities that are very old, being among theoldest inhabitants of the sub-continent.

Impact of lager scale circulation of labour

• Cultivation has become primarily a female task.
• Women are also emerging as the main source of agricultural labour, leading to the ‘feminisation of agricultural labour force.’
• The insecurity of women is greater because they earn lower wages than men for similar work. Until recently, women were hardly visible in official statistics as earners and workers.
• While women toil on the land as landless labourers and as cultivators, the prevailing patrilineal kinship system, and other cultural practices that privilege male rights, largely exclude women from land ownership

(i) Jharkhand is one of the newly-formed states of India, carved out of south Bihar in the year 2000. Behind the formation of this state lies more than a century of resistance. The social movement for Jharkhand had a charismatic leader as Birsa Munda, an Adivasi who led a major uprising against the British after his death.
(ii) Birsa became an important icon of the movement. Stories and songs about him can be found all over Jharkhand. The memory of Birsa's struggle was also kept alive by writing. Christian missionaries working in south Bihar were responsible for spreading literacy in the area. Literate Adivasis began to research and write about their history and myths. They documented and disseminated information about tribal customs and cultural practices. This helped create a unified ethnic consciousness and a shared identity as Jharkhandis.
(iii) Main issues taken by Jharkhand Tribal leaders:

(i) The small scale industries which were estabished in India suffered a heavy loss and the old cities such as Surat, Masulipattam, etc also lost their eminence.
(ii) After the establishment of British imperialism in India, the British industrialization totally received some famous trading centres of India such as Tanjavour, Dhacca and Murshidabad and the workers involved is the handlooms were thrown out Jobless. It was the serious effect of de-industrialisation in this sector in India.

(v) New movements are international in scope: lt is a hard fact that globalisation has been re-shaping peoples' lives in industry and agriculture, culture and media. Often firms are transnational. Often legal arrangements that are binding are international such as the regulations of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Environmental and health risks, fears of nuclear warfare are global in nature. Not surprisingly therefore many of the new social movements are international in scope. What is significant, however, is that the old and new movements are working together in new alliances such as the World Social Forum that have been raising awareness about the hazards of globalisation.

(iii) Main or Central role of political organisation in old movements: In the old social movements, the role of political parties was central, Politican scientist Rajni Kothari attributes the surge of social movements in India in the 1970s to people's growing dissatisfaction with parliamentary democracy. Kothari argues that the institutions of the state have been captured by elites. Due to this, electoral representation by political parties is no longer an effective way for the poor to get their voices heared.

(iv) Joining of people to known political organisation or groups to carry on social movement: People left out by the formal political system join social movements or non-party political formations in order to put pressure on the state from outside. Today, the broader term of civil society is used to refer to both old social movements represented by political parties and trade unions. And to new non-governmental organisations, women's groups, environmental groups and tribal activists.

(i) Introduction: It is a fact that in the historical context new social movement but from the different old social movement. Once there was a historical period when nationalist movements were overthrowing colonial powers. And working class movements in the capitalist west were wresting better wages, better living conditions, social security, free schooling and health security from the state. That was also a period when socialist movements were establishing new kinds of states and societies. The old social movements clearly saw reorganisation of power relations as a central goal.

(ii) Old movement functioned within the frame of political parties: The old social movements functioned within the frame of political parties. The Indian National Congress led the Indian National Movement. The Communist Party of China led the Chinese Revolution. Today some believe that ‘old’ class-based political action led by trade unions and workers' parties is on the decline. Others argued that in the affluent West with its welfare state, issues of class-based exploitation and inequality were no longer central concerns. So the ‘new’ social movements were not about changing the distribution of power in society but about quality-of-life issues such as having a clean environment.

A countermovement in sociology means a social movement opposed to another social movement. Whenever one social movement starts up, another group establishes themselves to undermine the previous group. Many social movements start out as an effect of political activism towards issues that a group disagrees with.

Modernity, the self-definition of a generation about its own technological innovation, governance, and socioeconomics. To participate in modernity was to conceive of one's society as engaging in organizational and knowledge advances that make one's immediate predecessors appear antiquated or, at least, surpassed. Modernity is the state of being current, or up with the times. An example of something representing modernity is a smart phone.

According to the Adam Smith, The 'invisible hand' is an unseen force at work that converts what is good for each individual into what is good for society.

According to the Adam Smith, The 'invisible hand' is an unseen force at work that converts what is good for each individual into what is good for society.

Modernization theory is used to explain the process of modernization within societies. Modernization refers to a model of a progressive transition from a 'pre-modern' or 'traditional' to a 'modern' society.

Mortality rate is the calculation of the number of deaths per a specific sub category. Scientists study many different types of mortality rates, such as crude mortality, infant mortality, or maternal mortality. The cause-specific mortality rate is the mortality rate from a specified cause for a population. The numerator is the number of deaths attributed to a specific cause. The denominator remains the size of the population at the midpoint of the time period. The fraction is usually expressed per 100,000 population. Mortality rate (or death rate) is usually expressed in units of deaths per 1,000 per year or it could be described as percent dead in a specific period of time. For example in the US: Lung cancer has a high mortality rate (46.0 per 100,000) vs thyroid cancer (0.5 per 100,000) which has a low mortality rate.

Unequal share of people in society in terms of three forms of capital or social resources. These are
(i) economic capital (viz. income and material assets),
(ii) cultural capital (viz. educational qualification and status) and
(iii) Social capital (viz. networks of contacts and social associations). In other words, patterns of unequal access to social resources are called social inequality.

The employment-to-population ratio is equal to the number of persons employed divided by the working-age population and multiplied by 100. The employment-to-population ratio provides information on the ability of an economy to provide employment for those who want to work. Working population refers to the number of people who are willing and eligible to work. Those who are above 15 years of age and willing to work are considered in this bracket. Retirement age differs from one country to another so respective working populations are affected accordingly.

  Jati Panchayat : In addition to the village panchayat each caste or jati in the village had its own jati panchayat under Mughals.
 Functions :
(1) Jati panchayats wielded considerable power in rural society. In Rajasthan jati panchayats arbitrated civil disputes between members of different castes.
(2) Jati panchayats mediated in contested claims on land, decided whether marriages were performed according to the norms laid down by a particular caste group, determined who had ritual precedence in village functions, and so on.

Industrial Revolution in Britain had a significant impact on Indian economy. Exports of textiles from India came down as Europeans took over trade by getting concession and trade monopoly from Indian rulers. Colonial power expanded and led to the growth of cities like Bombay and Calcutta. It's a process in which the industrial activity in a country or region is removed or reduced because of a major economic or social change. There are many reasons why this can happen. Overall, deindustrialization usually occurs because a particular industrial activity is no longer economically viable.