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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 6 months ago
Accordingly Alfred Binet also used these attributes and defined intelligence as ability to judge well, understand well and reason well.
Later Wechsler gave a comprehensive definition in terms of its functionality, i.e., its value for adaptation to environment. He defined intelligence as "the global and aggregate capacity of an individual to think rationally, act purposefully and to deal effectively with his/her environment."
Present day psychologists such as Gardner and Sternberg emphasized that "Intelligent individual not only adapts to the environment, but actively modifies or shapes it." Sternberg views intelligence as " the ability to adapt, to shape and select environment to accomplish ones goals and those of ones society and culture."
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Self-efficacy
<hr />Ones own effectiveness in the group. People with high self-efficacy believe that their life outcomes are under their own control. The concept was given by Bandura.
self-esteem?
<hr />• Self-esteem is cognitive component of self.
• The value judgment of a person about herself/himself is called self-esteem.
• It can be high or low. To assess it, we present a variety of statements to a person and ask him to indicate the extent to which they are true for him. e.g., we may ask a child to what extent the statement "I am good at homework" or "I am highly liked by my peers" is true. If he responds as them to be true, he will have a high self-esteem than someone who says "no".
• Studies show that children seem to have formed self-esteem in atleast four areas by the age of 6-7, i.e., academic competence, social competence, physical/athletic competence, and physical appearance.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 7 months ago
(i) The psychometric approach of intelligence is also known as the structural approach.
(ii) It considers intelligence as an aggregate of abilities. It explains an individual's performance in term of a single index of cognitive abilities.
(iii) It focuses on the structure of intelligence, i.e., what is intelligence, e.g., the unifactor theory, the two factor theory, the theory of primary mental abilities, etc.
(iv) Information processing approach describes the processes people use in intellectual reasoning and problem solving.
(v) The major focus of this approach is on how an intelligent person acts. It emphasizes on studying cognitive functions underlying intelligent behaviour.
(vi) e.g., theory of multiple intelligences, PASS model and triarchic theory of intelligence.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 7 months ago
Conformity is type of social influence where a person changes their attitude or behaviour in response to group pressure.
There are many different situations where people conform and psychologists have categorised three main types of conformity, including: compliance, identification and internalisation.
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