The factors responsible for Disintegration of U.S.S.R:
(i) Internal weaknesses of Soviet political and economic institutions.
(ii) Economic stagnation for many years led to severe consumer shortages.
(iii) Soviet Union became stagnant in an administrative and political sense as well.
(iv) The Communist Party that had ruled for 70 years was not accountable to the people.
(v) Ordinary people were alienated by slow and stifling administration and rampant corruption.
(vi) The inability of the system to correct mistakes it had made and the unwillingness to allow more openness in government and the centralisation of authority in vast land.

Operation Iraqi Freedom was launched by US to prevent Iraq from developing Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD).

The main cause of the invasion was to prevent Iraq from developing weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

 Events: On 19 March, 2003, the US and forty other countries attacked Iraq. It is known as 'Operation Iraqi Freedom'. The UN had not given mandate to attack Iraq.

Outcomes: (a) No evidence of WMD was found.

(b) A full-fledged insurgency ignited against US led occupation.

(c) About 50,000 Iraqi civilians were killed.

(d) It was both a military and political failure.

The US response to 9/11 was swift and ferocious.

(i) The US launched ‘Operation Enduring Freedom’ against all those suspected to be behind this attack.

(ii) The Taliban regime was easily overthrown.

(iii) The US forces made arrests all over the world, transported these persons across countries and detained them in secret prisons.

The day On 11 September 2001,when nineteen hijackers from Arab countries hijacked four American commercial aircrafts and blew them into important buildings in the US as mentioned below:

(i) One each crashed into the North and South Towers of the World Trade Centre.

(ii) Another crashed into the Pentagon building in Arlington.

(iii) Forth fell down in a field in Pennsylvania.

These attacks are known as '9/11' as in the USA month is written first and date follows thereafter.
This incident also made the US to launch a global war on terror.

The New World Order began in 1991 after the collapse of Soviet Union. The world was left only with single superpower the US and came to be known as the US Hegemony to show the superiority of its military power. The US hegemony also shaped world economy and emerged in the form of military domination, economic order, political clout and cultural superiority.

Soft Power hegemony means class ascendancy in the social, political and particularly ideological spheres. It implies that the dominant power has ideological resources to shape the behavior of competing and lesser powers. Today predominance of the US in the world is based on its cultural presence too. All ideas of good life and personal success, dreams of individuals and societies originated in America. American culture is most powerful culture on earth. This makes America a 'soft power' because it has the ability to persuade rather than coerce. During the Cold War, in the area of soft power, the US won victory over the Soviet Union. For example, blue jeans were popular in that country. It shows that the US was able to engineer a generational divide in Soviet society on the basis of a cultural product.

CBSE class 12 Geography New Syllabus 2018-19
Class XII (2018-19)

Fundamentals of Human Geography
Textbook I (NCERT)
Revised Map Items for identification only on outline political map of the World.

India – People and Economy
Textbook II (NCERT)
Revised Map for locating and labelling only on the outline political map of India

Units – 6 & 7 (Ch. 1 to 4)

• State with high level of urbanised and low level of urbanisation
• • One state higher level of HDI & One lower level of HDI
• • State with higher level of pop pressure on land & one state lover level
• of pop pressure in land.
• • One out migrating state
• • One in migrating state
• • One state with higher gender ratio & one with lower gender ratio
• • Any city with more than 10 million population.

Unit – 8 (Ch. 5 to 9)

Leading producing states of the following crops:
(a) Rice, (b) Wheat, (c) Jowar, (d) Bajra,(e) Maize, (f) Groundnut, (g) Cotton, (h) Jute, (i) Sugarcane, (j) Tea, and (k) Coffee

Mines:
Iron-ore mines: Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar, Durg, Bailadila, Ratnagiri, Bellary. Manganese mines: Sundergarh, Balaghat, Nagpur, Shimoga.
Copper mines: Hazaribagh, Singhbhum, Khetari, Udaipur and Amarkantak.
Bauxite mines: Katni, Bilaspur and Koraput.
Coal mines: Jharia, Bokaro, Raniganj, Korba, Talcher, Singareni, Neyveli.
Oil Refineries: Bhatinda, Panipat, Mathura, Jamnager, Mangalore, Tatipaka, Haldia, Guwahati, Baroni Industries.
Iron and Steel Plants: Bhadravati, Bhilai, Bokaro.
Durgapur, Rourkela and Jameshedpur.
Cotton Textile: Ahmedabad, Surat, Gwalior, Varanasi, Murshidabad, Pune, Nagpur, Solapur and Mysore.
Software Technology Parks: Gandhinager, Shrinager, Mohali, Shimla, Delhi, Noida, Kanpur, Indore, Hyderabad, Bhubaneshwar and Major Industrial Regions.

Unit – 9 (Ch. 10 – 11)
Transport:

1. Important tower on north south corredor easthest corridor & golden
   quadrleteral.
2. Headquarters of all railway zones.
3. Major Sea Ports: Kandla, Mumbai, Marmagao, Kochi, Ennore, Tuticorin, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Paradwip, Haldia.
4. International Air ports: Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Guwahati, Delhi, Amritsar, Panaji, Kochi, Thiruvananthapuram & Hyderabad

In 1967 a peasant uprising took place in Naxalbari police station of Darjeeling hills district in West Bengal under the leadership of the local cadres of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). This peasant movement spread to several states of India and came to be referred broadly as the Naxalite Movement.

The role of the Naxalite Movement in the politics of india has been examined below :

(i) CPI(M) was divided into two and in 1969 a new party—Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) was formed under the leadership of Charu Majumdar.

(ii) The new party decided to adopt a strategy of protracted guerilla warfare in order to lead a revolution.

(iii) The Naxalite Movement has used force to snatch land from the rich land owners and give it to the poor and the landless.

(iv) The movement has now splintered into various parties and organisations. CPI-ML (Liberation) participates in open democratic politics.

(v) Most of the Naxalite affected areas are backward inhabited by Adivasis which are exploited by money-lenders and other people and these conditions lead to the growth of the Naxalite Movement.

The candidate may agree that it strengthened federalism because it redefined the center-state relations and fulfilled the aspirations of the Sikhs to some extent.

The Lessons:

(i)Extremely difficult to do away with democracy in India.

(ii)It brought out some ambiguities regarding the emergency provision in the constitution that have been rectified.

(iii)Emergency made every citizen aware of their rights and civil liberties.