The pillars of the ASEAN Community are the ASEAN Security Community, the ASEAN Economic Community and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community.
 The objectives of the ASEAN Community are as described below :
  (i) To accelerate economic growth and through that social progress and cultural development.

  (ii) To promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of the United Nation’s Charter.

  (iii) Later on its objectives were broadened and thus in 2003, three pillars i.e., the ASEAN Security Community, the ASEAN Economic Community and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community were established. The objective of ASEAN Security Community is to uphold peace so that outstanding territorial disputes are not escalated into armed confrontations.

Despite growing economic and strategic ties, there are a lot of hurdles for India and the PRC to overcome. India faces trade imbalance heavily in favour of China. The two countries failed to resolve their border dispute and Indian media outlets have repeatedly reported Chinese military incursions into Indian territory. At least 20 Indian soldiers were killed in a clash with Chinese forces in a disputed Himalayan border area, Indian officials say. The incident follows rising tensions, and is the first deadly clash in the border area in at least 45 years.

Reasons why the division of states on basis of language was a good idea:

1.    It ensures that people of a state are united in terms of language and hence a state’s identity can evolve.

2.    It helps smooth functioning of state government offices, because then there will be only one official state language.

3.    Regional languages and culture get a boost continuously. This encourages regional language literature as well. It adds to the ethnic diversity of the nation.

4.    With everyone understanding one local language, it is easier for government projects to be implemented even at the village level.

Reasons why the division of states on basis of language was not a good idea:

1.    It led to unequal formation of states in terms of geographical area and population density.

2.    It led to increased discrimination among people from different states.

3.    Linguistic/state identity can become stronger than national identity (as shown in the movie ‘Chak De India’).

4.    It encourages further division of states based on language. 

The aftermath of World War II was the beginning of a new era, defined by the decline of all European colonial empires and simultaneous rise of two superpowers: the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (USA).

(1) Power scarcity that characterised the classical international system got replaced by power surplus (Nuclear weapons, overkill capacity and two super powers) in the new system.

(2) The Balance of power got replaced by a Balance of Terror.

(3) The formulation and implementation of foreign policy became a more complicated and democratic exercise.

(4) A big change in world political relations took place as a result of the rise of new states, and the liquidation of imperialism and colonialism.

(5) Peace, security, development and prosperity for all the nations got recognized as a value in international relations.

(6) There developed an arms race between the two super powers and the exercise became more dangerous because of the birth of nuclear arms race.

(7) Because of increase in the number of states, there came to be developed several new problems and international relations became highly complex.

(8) The presence of the United Nations gave a new look to the post-war international system.

(9) New and Open Diplomacy came to replace the old and secret diplomacy.

(10) The presence of two competing, in fact rival super powers set the stage for the emergence of cold war and bi-polarity in international relations.

(11) The transformation of war into a total war made it much more dreaded and the nations became more and more interested in preserving international peace and security.

(12) All the nations became conscious of the need for preserving peace through a better and effective device of power management i.e. collective security.

Thus the Second World War had a big impact on the nature of international relations. Post-War International system came to be a system totally different from the pre-war international system.

After the Second World War, the International System came to be a totally different system from the classical (19th century) international system. The classical international system was Euro-centric and it worked on the principles of balance of power, war as a means, secret diplomacy as an instrument, and narrow nationalism as its objective.

It came to be replaced by a new international system which was characterised by two super powers, cold war, bipolarity, non-alignment, anti-imperialism, the UNO, the presence of several new sovereign states in the world, N-weapons and the threat of Total War. This new international system continued to work, almost unchanged, till the last decade of the 20th century when it came to be a Post-Cold War, Unipolar International System experiencing a new liberalisation and globalisation.

A preamble is an introductory and expressionary statement in a document that explains the document's purpose and underlying philosophy. When applied to the opening paragraphs of a statute, it may recite historical facts pertinent to the subject of the statute. The Preamble to the Constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that sets out guidelines, which guide the people of the nation, and to present the principles of the Constitution, and to indicate the source from which the document derives its authority, and meaning.

The main recommendation of the State Reorganisation Commission was to organise states on language basis and the boundaries of states could also reflect the linguistic aspects.

• The Russian Society was divided into two classes before the Revolution. They were the rich and the poor. The nobles, feudal lords and the rich belonged to the rich class. The peasants, labourers and serfs belonged to the poor class. The vast majority of Russia’s people were agriculturists. About 85 per cent of the Russian empire’s population earned their living from agriculture. However, most of the peasants only cultivated the land. The land mainly belonged to the Cjhurch and the nobility. In Russia, peasants wanted the lands of the nobl;es to be given to them. They freequently refused to pay land rent.
• Spread of socialist ideas in Russia that lands should belong to farmers and industries should belong to workers also led to the Russian Revolution.
• The Czarist autocracy flamed the fire of unrest among the labourers, peasants, intellectuals and students of Russia. In course of time, public unrest increased in Russia. Thus, hatred towards the Czardom began.

In economics, shock therapy is the sudden release of price and currency controls, withdrawal of state subsidies, and immediate trade liberalization within a country, usually also including large-scale privatization of previously public-owned assets. Shock Therapy was the transitional form from authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system in Russia, Central Asia and East Europe under the influence of the World Bank and IMF.

"Gandhi used the term 'development' in a very broad sense to mean the total development of society" (Roy and Tisdell in Gandhi's Concept of Development;Economic Development & Environment:a case study of India) that include mental, spiritual, and material needs. The word 'development' is widely used to refer to a specified state of advancement or growth. It could also be used to describe a new and advanced idea or product; or an event that constitutes a new stage under changing circumstances. Generally, the term development describes good change.

 (i) Most abrupt, unplanned and tragic transfer of population that human history has known. There were killings and atrocities on both sides of the border. Cities like Amritsar and Kolkata divided into communal zones. People were forced to abandon their homes and move across borders, they went through immense sufferings.
 (ii) Thousands of women were abducted on both sides of the border, they were forced to change the religion and were forced into marriage. Many children were separated from their parents.
 (iii) The Partition was a division of properties, liabilities and assets as well as a political division of the country and the administrative apparatus. 

The main considerations for bringing princely states with Indian Union were as follows:

1. To shape India as a nation. India is a land of continental size. Hence, the first and the foremost consideration was the political unification and integration of the territory.
2. The people of most of the princely states wanted to become a part of the Indian Union.
3. The government was prepared to accommodate plurality and adopt a flexible approach in dealing with the demands of the regions.
4. Another consideration was the concern towards the integration and consolidation of the territorial boundaries of the Indian nation.

In centralization, the higher positions of the management hold the decision-making authority. Further, in decentralization, the management disperses the decision-making authority across the organization and brings it closer to the source of action and information. Network Centralisation is a way to improve efficiency through taking advantage of possible economies of scale. Decentralisation is a way to expand speed and flexibility by rearranging the networks to increase local power and implementation of a service.

West Germany formally joined NATO on May 5, 1955, and the Warsaw Pact was signed less than two weeks later, on May 14. Joining the USSR in the alliance were Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), Hungary, Poland and Romania. After World War II, it formed the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance of European communist states meant to counter NATO.

The reason japan should not have been bombed is because many civilian lives were taken who had nothing to do with the war. The U.S. dropping the bomb on japan killed many people and left their land in shambles. 

REASONS AGAINST THE ATOMIC BOMBING OF JAPAN

• It was inhumane.
• It caused too much destruction.
• It killed too many innocent people, including children.
• It was unnecessary as Japan was essentially defeated.
• Japan was seeking surrender.
• It was not universally supported in the United States.
• The United States could have done something else.

Two developments strained this relationship. China annexed Tibet in 1950 and thus removed a historical buffer between the two countries. Initially, the government of India did not oppose this openly. But as more information came in about the suppression of Tibetan culture, the Indian government grew uneasy. A CIA map of Kashmir with red circles marking the rough locations of the conflicts near the Galwan Valley (top), the Hot Springs checkpoint (middle), and Pangong Tso (bottom). The 2020 China–India skirmishes are part of an ongoing military standoff between China and India.

(a) The motives of the smaller states was to get promise of protection, weapons and economic aid against their local rivals, mostly regional neighbours.
(b) The entire world was divided into two camps or two alliance system i.e., the Western and the Eastern alliance. These are called the ‘Western’ and the ‘Eastern’ because the western Europe sided with the US and the eastern Europe sided with Soviet Union.