The creation of NIEO (National International and Economic Order) and NAM (Non-Alignment Movement) were two major challenges to the bipolarity that emerge during cold war era in 20th century.

Explanation:

• Bipolarity is a world order where two states have sphere of influence over the political, social, cultural and military power of the world.
• It emerged during the late 20th century when world divided between the two poles of USA and USSR.
• NIEO was proposed during 1970s by group of developing countries on the platform of UN in order to promote trade and commerce globally.
• NIEO aims for trade and commerce by increasing the availability of funds to developing countries and promoting reduction of tariff by developed countries.
• NAM is a political platform formed it 1960 where the countries aligned their goals initially to not favour any superpower bloc i.e. USA and USSR
• It was asserted by third world countries with active role of India under the leadership of Pt. Nehru.

The impact of the Emergency on the party system in India was as described below :
(i) A large number of leaders and workers of the opposition parties were arrested. These arrested persons could not even challenge their arrests through habeas corpus petitions.
(ii) It is said that with the arrest of opposition leaders, India ceased to be democratic during emergency.
(iii) The Emergency led to the unity among the opposition parties. The opposition parties came together and formed the Janata Party on the eve of 1977 elections.
(iv) Some Congress leaders, who had opposed the emergency, too joined the Janata Party. A separate party-Congress for Democracy was formed by Jagjivan Ram. It later on merged with the Janata Party.
(v) In 1977 elections the Janata Party won but could not remain together. Congress once again won in 1980 elections. Between these two elections, the Congress Party changed dramatically.

The major trends in the electoral performance of BJP since 1989 can be traced as follows:
1. In the elections of 1989, the National front under V.P. Singh came to power supported by left front and BJP from outside because they wanted to keep the Congress out of power. Due to Mandal Commission Report and implementation of its recommendations forced BJP to reconsider its support and finally withdrew it. Thus, in November 1990, the rule of National Front came to an end.
2. In 1996 BJP minority government was formed for a short period. In June 1996 BJP failed to get majority support in the vote of confidence and thus collapsed.
3. From March 1998 to October 1999, BJP and others formed alliances NDA (National Democratic Alliance) under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee. The regional Parties demanded more share in the government to extend their support.
4. The political competition during nineties and divided between the coalition led by BJP and coalition led by Congress.

In March 1977, Janata Party government was formed at the centre. In may 1977 the Janata Party government appointed a commission of inquiry headed by the justice J.C Shah, retired chief justice of the supreme court of India, to inquire, “into several aspects of allegation of abuse authority, excess malpractices committed and action taken in the wake of emergency proclaimed on the 25june, 1975”.

The commission performed to examine various evidence to give testimony, even including Indira Gandhi to appear before the commission, but she refused to respond to any questions.

Finding of the Shah Commission:-

a. Found Many ‘excesses’ committed during emergency

b. Under preventive detention laws nearly one lakh people were arrested.

c. The press censorship took place without any prior legal sanctions.

d. The general manager of Delhi Power Supply cooperation received verbal orders from the office of the LT. Governor of the Delhi to cut the electricity of all the newspaper, press at 2 am, on 26 June 1975.

Power has mostly remained with the two national parties—the Congress and the BJP. However, in 1989, it was the National Front which won the election. In 1996, the United Front consisting of non-Congress and non-BJP was created and secured support from 332 members out of the 545 seats in the Lok Sabha.

Permanent members: The Council is composed of 15 Members:

Non- Permanent members: More than 50 United Nations Member States have never been Members of the Security Council.

Shyama Prasad Mukherjee.  was the founder of bhartiya jana sangh. 

The main objective of the United Nation is prevention of conflicts and facilitating cooperation Allong states.

Operation Desert Storm, also known as the Gulf War, was fought from 2nd August 1990 to 28th February 1991. It was a UN-waged war led by the United States against Iraq. This war was in response to Iraq’s invasion and annexation of Kuwait. Operation Desert Storm was successful and resulted in the overthrow of Saddam Hussein and the seizure and control of Iraq.

1. The above extract signifies the non-alignment policy of India.
2. When foreign relations go out of the hands of a country into the charge of somebody else, to that extent, one is not independent.
3. When India achieved its freedom and started forming its foreign policy, it followed non-alignment policy to pursue its national interests within international context.

• The word ‘hegemony’ means the leadership or predominance of one state over others by virtue of its military, economic, political power and cultural superiority.
• Politics is all about gaining power. In world politics, countries and groups of countries are engaged in constantly trying to gain and retain power.
• It is important to understand the distribution of power among the countries of the world in order to understand world politics.

The superpowers needed military alliances with smaller countries due to the following reasons:

(i) To gain access to vital resources, such as oil and minerals.
(ii) To gain access to territory, from where the superpowers could launch their weapons and troops.
(iii) To gain access to locations from where they could spy on each other.