False

The Cold War was not simply a matter of power rivalries, military alliances and of balance of power. These were accompanied by a real ideological conflict as well, a difference over- the best and most appropriate way of organising political, economic and social life all over the world.

India signed a 20-year treaty of peace and friendship with the Soviet Union in August 1971. This was done to counter the US–Pakistan–China axis. India signed this treaty assuming that it would receive Soviet support if the country forced any attack on it. During 1971 India Pakistan War, Russia Helped and Prevented Joint U.S. & U.K. Plan to Attack or Siege India in 1971 Bangladesh Crises. They tracked US Task Force 74 into the Indian Ocean from 18 December 1971 until 7 January 1972. A watershed moment in relations between India and the Soviet Union was the signing of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship in August 1971. The Treaty was the manifestation of shared goals of the two nations as well as a blueprint for the strengthening of regional and global peace and security.

I think that even after the end of Cold War, NAM is still relevant today. This is because of the following reasosn:

• NAM was based on the principle that decolonised countries share a historical affiliation and can become powerful if they all come together
• NAM stressed on the idea that it is not necessary for small and poor countries in the world to follow any powerful country if they are able to follow any independent foreign policy
• NAM is also based on the value of democratise the international system by thinking about an alternative world order to address several issues such as poverty and existing inequalities.
• With the emergence of neo colonialism ( use of economic, political, cultural or other pressure to influence former colonies), many newly independent nations were unable to take concrete decisions in the economic fields due to the pressure exerted by the powerful nations and organisations like the World Bank, WTO, IMF etc.

• Under such circumstances, NAM came forward to help these countries in trying to asserting their economic rights.
• USA off late has emerged as a powerful nation. NAM has immense potentialities and experience to prevent the dominating of USA over countries like Iraq and Afghanistan.
• Thus, NAM still remains an important and powerful force which aims at achieving international peace, disarmament and economic development.

Territorial disputes over the Kashmir region sparked two of the three major Indo-Pakistani wars in 1947 and 1965, and a limited war in 1999. Although both countries have maintained a fragile cease-fire since 2003, they regularly exchange fire across the contested border, known as the Line of Control. The Indian government blamed separatists and Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Pakistan-based militant group, for stoking the 2010 protests. The 2016 Kashmir unrest erupted after killing of a Hizbul Mujahideen militant, Burhan Wani, by Indian security forces. Further unrest in the region erupted after the 2019 Pulwama attack.

After India became independent, Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru led the country. He was the architect of India's foreign policy. His contribution to the social and economic development of India is significant.

Neutrality

• Neutral' is a broad term for such a country's policies.

• As such, a neutral state must normally pay particular attention to a strictly equal foreign policy it must avoid making anybody an enemy.

• But it also avoid becoming too friendly with any country at the expense of others.

• The downside is that, when attacked, a neutral country normally cannot rely on someone else to stand up for it.

• Austria , Costa Rica , Ireland ,Japan  etc are comes under neutrality countries.

Non-alignment movement

• The Non-Aligned Movement is an 'international formal group' with congress and membership register, founded in 1961.

• The Non-Aligned Movement has also positioned itself as an international movement calling for general disarmament and peace, 'regional development', debt reduction, and 'anti-colonialism'.

• The idea of non-alignment was coined during the Cold War as a specific form of neutrality.

• We stop joining any agreements or deals that might otherwise participate in battle on behalf of others to support this strategy.

• African country except South Sudan and Western Sahara is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.

It declares faith in secularism, democracy and socialism.

 Bangladesh drafted its own constitution to begin with democracy. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman formed presidential setup by abolishing all the parties except Awami Legue. But after his assassination the new military ruler Zia-ur-Rahman formed his own party and won elections in 1979. Later on he was also assassinated and another military leader Lt. Gen. H.M. Ershad took over.

The term “Cold War” denotes the absence of large-scale military operations fighting between the two opponents despite major regional wars, termed proxy wars, supported by both sides. The USSR and the USA were left as two superpowers with political and economic differences as a result of the Cold War that split the temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany

The seeds of future hostility were sown towards the closing years of World War 2. After the crossing of the Rhine in March 1945, the fall of Nazi Germany was inevitable. As such the Allies began drawing up the map of post-war Europe. The problem was each faction had their own idea about post-war Europe.

 China’s rapid industrial growth is an aggregate outcome of the various economic reforms that were introduced in phases since 1978. In the initial phase, reforms were initiated in agriculture, foreign trade and investment sectors. The system of collective farming known as Commune System was implemented. In the later phase, reforms were initiated in the industrial sector. During this phase, the private firms and village and township enterprises were allowed to produce goods and services and to compete with the State Owned Enterprises. The reforms also included dual pricing. The dual pricing implies that the farmers and the industrial units were required to buy and sell a fixed quantity of inputs and output at the price fixed by the government and the remaining quantities were traded at the market price. As a result, the quantities traded in the market increased by many folds. The reforms also included setting up of Special Economic Zones to attract foreign investors. Therefore, China’s rapid industrial growth is attributable to the success of different phases of its economic reforms.

Following a policy of ‘neutrality’ on global issues.

A society that lacks social stratification and with the exception of inequality based on ability and age, provides equal access to resources and prestige.

Shock Therapy was a process of transformation of an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system.

1. The transition was inspired by the World Bank and International Monetary fund in Russia, central Asia, and Eastern Europe.

2. The therapy was a sudden change that transformed the state-controlled economy into a free market economy.

The consequences of the Shock therapy were:

1. In Russia, the state-controlled industrial sector lost 90% of its industries. The industries were sold to private individuals and companies.

2. Restructuring of industries took place on a large scale. Hence, industries were undervalued and sold at a minimum rate.

3. The value of Russian currency declined and hence the economy of Russia too declined.