Integral humanism was a set of concepts drafted by Deendayal Upadhyaya as a political program and adopted in 1965 as the official doctrine of the Jan Sangh.

M. S. Golwalkar believed in the concept of Organicism, from which the Integral Humanism was not very different. In Integral Humanism, Golwalkar's thoughts were supplemented by appropriating major Gandhian principles and presented as version of Hindu Nationalism.

Globalisation is defined as the integration between countries through foreign trade and foreign investments by multinational corporations (MNCs).

The most important causes of globalization differ among the three major components of international market integration: trade, multinational production, and international finance. The information technology revolution has made it very difficult for governments to control cross-border capital movements, even if they have political incentives to do so. Governments can still restrict the multinationalization of production, but they have increasingly chosen to liberalize because of the macroeconomic benefits. Although the one-time Ricardian gains from freer trade are clear, whether trade is good for growth in the medium term is less certain. In the case of trade, the increasing interest of exporters in opening up domestic markets has had a powerful impact on the trend to liberalization. Cross-national variations in market integration still endure, but these are more the product of basic economic characteristics (such as country size and level of development) than political factors (such as regime type or the left-right balance of power).

Lal Bahadur Shastri was drawn towards the national struggle for freedom when he was a boy. He was very impressed by Gandhi’s speech which was delivered on the foundation ceremony of Banaras Hindu University. After that, he became a loyal follower of Gandhi and then after jumped into the freedom movement. Because of this, he had to go to jail many times. Lal Bahadur Shastri was always believed that self-sustenance and self-reliance as the pillars to build a strong nation. Lal Bahadur Shastri wished to be remembered by his work rather than well-rehearsed speeches proclaiming lofty promises. He was always against the prevailing caste system and therefore decided to drop his surname and after his graduation, he get Shastri surname.

Jawaharlal Nehru died Lal Bahadur Shastri succeeded him as the Prime Minister for a very short time of only 18 months. In 1965 war he got his achievements after the victory on Pakistan. On 11^th January 1966, he got a severe heart attack and he died.

Lal Bahadur Shastri was the second prime minister of India. He was a great man as well as a great leader and was rewarded by “Bharat Ratna“. He gave a famous slogan “Jai Jawan Jai Kissan”. Lal Bahadur Shastri utilized the time in reading the social reformers and western philosophers. He was always against the “dowry system” and so refused to take dowry from his father in law. Lal Bahadur Shastri tackled many elementary problems like food shortage, unemployment, and poverty. To overcome the acute food shortage, Shastri asked the experts to devise a long-term strategy. This was the beginning of the famous “Green Revolution”. Lal Bahadur Shastri was a very soft-spoken person.

After the Chinese aggression of 1962, India faced another aggression from Pakistan in 1965 during Shastri’s tenure and Lal Bahadur Shastri showing his mettle and made it very clear that India would not sit and watch. While granting liberty to the Security Forces to retaliate he said: “Force will be met with force”. Lal Bahadur Shastri was first as the Minister for Transport and Communications and then as the Minister of Commerce and Industry. In 1961 he was the Minister for Home and formed the “Committee on Prevention of Corruption” headed by of K. Santhanam.

The war in Afghanistan is the world's most lethal conflict. Taliban militants now control more territory than at any time since the U.S.-led coalition drove the group out of Kabul in 2001. At the same time, an unprecedented ceasefire in 2018 and subsequent negotiation efforts have illuminated the possibility of peace. Afghanistan is not in the Middle-East. Afghanistan is most commonly referred to as being a part of the region of Central Asia; a group of countries that occupies the area between China, India, Russia and Iran.

Indira Gandhi government devalued Indian rupee to check economic crisis of 1967. Consequently, one US dollar could be purchased for less than  5 after the devaluation, it cost more than  7. 

1. The economic situation triggered a price rise. 

2. People started a protest against the increase in prices of essential commodities and unemployment etc. 

3. The Communist and Socialist parties launched struggle to avail greater equality. 

The fourth general election was held in 1967 for the first time without Nehru: 

1. The election verdict was not in favor of Congress and results jolted the Congress both at the national and state levels. 

2. Half the ministers in Indira Gandhi’s cabinet were defeated including K. Kamaraj in Tamilnadu, S.K. Patil in Maharashtra, Atulya Ghosh in West Bengal, K.B. Sahay in Bihar. 

3. Congress did not lose the only majority in seven states but two other states also prevented it to form the government due to defections. 

4. For the first time, any non-Congress party secured a majority in any state and in other eight states, different non-Congress parties formed the coalitions. 

5. These election results were called as a ‘Political Earthquake’.

The socio economic context of 1967 elections:

• This period was fraught with grave economic crisis resulting from successive failure of monsoons, widespread droughts, decline in agricultural production, serious food shortage, depletion of foreign exchange reserve, and drop in industrial production combined with sharp rise in military expenditure and diversion of resources from planning and economic development. 
• The economic situation triggered off price rise. People started protesting against increase in prices of essential commodities, food scarcity and growing unemployment and overall economic condition of the country. Moreover the communist and the socialist launched struggles for greater equality. 
• Politically a wave of ‘non congressism” swept all across the country. Parties opposed to congress realized that the division of their votes kept Congress in power. Thus parties that were entirely different and disparate in their programmers’ and ideology got together to form anti Congress fronts in different states. 

Indira Gandhi government devalued Indian rupee to check economic crisis of 1967. Consequently, one US dollar could be purchased for less than  5 after the devaluation, it cost more than  7. 

1. The economic situation triggered a price rise. 

2. People started a protest against the increase in prices of essential commodities and unemployment etc. 

3. The Communist and Socialist parties launched struggle to avail greater equality. 

The fourth general election was held in 1967 for the first time without Nehru: 

1. The election verdict was not in favor of Congress and results jolted the Congress both at the national and state levels. 

2. Half the ministers in Indira Gandhi’s cabinet were defeated including K. Kamaraj in Tamilnadu, S.K. Patil in Maharashtra, Atulya Ghosh in West Bengal, K.B. Sahay in Bihar. 

3. Congress did not lose the only majority in seven states but two other states also prevented it to form the government due to defections. 

4. For the first time, any non-Congress party secured a majority in any state and in other eight states, different non-Congress parties formed the coalitions. 

5. These election results were called as a ‘Political Earthquake’.

After the death of Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri, Shrimati Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister of India in 1966. She established her worth and emerged as the strongest Prime Minster and the President of the Congress Party. The congress Party was divided as soon ashen took reigns of the country but she overcame all hurdles and proved that the congress was the real congress party.

            She was born on Nov. 19, 1917 at Anand Bhawan at Allahabad in U.P. Her grandparents fondly called her ‘Indu whaler her parents named her ‘Priyadarshni’. She received her education at several placed because her father Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was mostly in prison. Her Primary education was completed at Allahabad. Then she was sent to A Poona. Later on she was shifted to Oxford and after this she was sent to Switzerland, she, however, completed her education at Shanti Niketan under the table guidance of Shri Ravindra Nath Tagore.

As a student she took keep interest in Political movements in the country. She formed ‘Vanar Sena’ and recruited 6000 members in it at the age of 12 only. For taking part in the freedom movement she was sent to prison with thousand others. She worked with Mahatma Gandhi and was made the President of the Congress party in 1959 due to her abilities and farsightedness. In 1964, she became the Minister of Information and broadcasting in the Cabinet of shri Lal Bahadur Shastri.

            In the beginning many of her supporters thought the they would influence her to get their interests fulfilled, but it was wrong to think as she took tough decisions independently and asserted her authority. During her tenure as Prime Minister, she had to face many storms in the country a weal as in her party. But by dexterity she came out as triumphant in them. She imposed emergency to crush the fast growing terrorism in Punjab. She nationalized 14 Banks in the country at the end of the month as she gave her wholehearted support in its formation and sent Indian military to defeat Pakistan.

The premiership of Lal Bahadur Shastri extended from 9 June 1964 to 11 January 1966. Formerly the Minister of External Affairs, Shastri became the Indian Prime Minister after the death of Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister, on 27 May 1964. Shastri's tenure as Prime Minister lasted only nineteen months due to his sudden death in Tashkent. After the death of Nehru, several leaders of the ruling Indian National Congress nominated Shastri due to his socialist background, to stand against the conservative Morarji Desai. With the backing of Congress President Kumaraswami Kamaraj, Shastri became the party's choice for Prime Minister.

QUESTION 
Arrange the following in chronological order:

China’s accession to WTO
Establishment of the EEC
Establishment of the EU
Birth of ARF
SOLUTION
(b) Establishment of the EEC – 1957
(c) Establishment of the EU – 1992
(d) Birth of ARF – 1994
(a) China’s accession to WTO

Planned development means a development designed to provide for an unusual or different arrangement of residential, business, or industrial uses in accordance with an approved development plan. The Planning Commission plays a central role in the planning process in three important ways. First, it acts as an advisory board to the City Council on all planning and development issues. Second, the commission assures that the general plan is implemented by reviewing development applications on a case-by-case basis.

The concept of good governance is not a new concept, even though it seems to be the buzzword now for major organisations and aid-givers to evaluate whether aid should be given to countries or not.

• In India, the concept was talked about in the Arthashastra, authored by Chanakya. He mentions the characteristics of a good king thus, “In the happiness of his subjects lies his happiness, in their welfare his welfare; whatever pleases himself, he does not consider as good, but whatever pleases his subjects he considers as good.”
• Mahatma Gandhi had also given the term ‘Su- Raaj’ literally meaning good governance.
• Governance can be defined as ‘the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented.’
• Governance refers to the decision-making and administration involved in any level, i.e., national, regional, local, corporate, family, etc.
• Government is a key actor in governance.

The major issue which led to the split of the Congress party in 1969 was the presidential elections held in 1969. Although the rivalry between Indira Gandhi and the syndicate in the Congress party was going on for some time, yet it came out into the open at the time of the Presidential election. Due to president Zakir Hussain’s death, the office of the President fell vacant. Despite Mrs. Gandhi’s reservations the syndicate managed to nominate her long time opponent N. Sanjeeva Reddy as the official congress candidate. On the other hand, Indira Gandhi encouraged the then vice President VV Giri to file his nomination as an independent.

The then Congress President S. Nijalingappa issued a whip asking all the Congress MPs and MLAs to vote for Reddy. Supporters of Indira Gandhi requisitioned a special meeting of all India Congress committee, but this was refused. After prime minister Indira Gandhi called for a “conscience vote”, which meant MPs and MLAs were free to vote the way they wanted. The election resulted in the victory of VV Giri and the defeat of the official candidate Reddy.

The defeat of Sanjeeva Reddy formalised the split in the Congress. The Congress President expelled the prime minister Indira Gandhi from the party. Thus the Congress party was split into Congress ( R) and Congress (O).

Under the leadership of Indira Gandhi, the Indian National Congress won a fourth consecutive term in power and over 54% of the seats, while no other party won more than 10% of the votes or seats.

State Reorganisation Commission was appointed in 1953 by central Government to rearrange the boundaries of states.
  Its main recommendations were to organise states on language basis as well as the boundaries of state could reflect the linguistic aspects also.
 

The "two challenges faced" by India from "1964 to 1966" during "Lal Bahadur Shastri brief Prime Minister ship" are as follows.

1) Economic crisis resulting from the "1962 Indo-China War" and the "1965 Indo-Pak War".

The Indochina wars were a sequence of conflicts between 1946 and 1989 in Southeast Asia.

The two nations such as India and Pakistan engaged in a number of wars.

2) Monsoons failed, drought, severe food crisis posed a severe challenge.

Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan was a slogan of the second Prime Minister of India Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1965 at a public gathering at Ramlila Maidan, Delhi.

Soon after Shastri took over the prime ministership of India after Nehru's death, India was attacked by Pakistan. At the same time there was scarcity of food grains in the country. Shastri gave the slogan Jai Jawan Jai Kisan to enthuse the soldiers to defend India and simultaneously cheering farmers to do their best to increase the production of food grains to reduce dependence on import. It became a very popular slogan

The military history of Pakistan encompasses an immense panorama of conflicts and struggles extending for more than 2,000 years across areas constituting modern Pakistan and greater South Asia. The history of the modern-day military of Pakistan began in 1947, when Pakistan achieved its independence as a modern nation.

The military holds a significant place in the history of Pakistan, as the Pakistani Armed Forces have played, and continue to play, a significant role in the Pakistani establishment and shaping of the country. Although Pakistan was founded as a democracy after its independence from the British Raj, the military has remained one of the country's most powerful institutions and has on occasion overthrown democratically elected civilian governments on the basis of self-assessed mismanagement and corruption. Almost none of the four military coups had a justified motive. Successive governments have made sure that the military was consulted before they took key decisions, especially when those decisions related to the Kashmir conflict and foreign policy. Political leaders of Pakistan are aware that the military has stepped into the political arena through coup d'état to establish military dictatorships, and could do so again.

While British were leaving India after almost 200 years of ruling, Indian leadership had a large task in their hands: Uniting and Integrating a large of India into a single political unit. This problem was tremendous while dealing with Princely States. Though major part of British India was ruled by British directly still there were many princely states who were ruled by the British indirectly. With partition of India and Pakistan, India still had more than 500 smaller princely states which were not part of the two nations.

The problem in front of Indian leaders was twofold.

Of transforming the states into viable administrative units;
Of absorbing them into the constitutional units.
Challenges with Princely States were:

During the time of proclamation of India’s independence, Britain took a stand that princely states can either join with India or Pakistan or they can remain independent.
This clause created much confusion.
For the rulers of princely states they cannot even imagine of ceding their power under Indian constituent Assembly.
These states followed different administrative methods; some were aristocratic, strong differences between the states themselves, people with different opinions, mindsets and culture to name a few reasons.
Princely states started demanding independence after lapse of British paramountcy.
It was argued that after British withdrawal the situation in the Princely states would turn into lawlessness and anarchy and it is important to be associated with a centre of power to handle the situation.
Emergence of hundreds of independent states would made the struggle of Indian independence futile.
Therefore integration of princely states became a major agenda for Indian leaders.
Eventually, rulers of all the 652 states with exception of Junagarh, Kashmir and Hyderabad had signed the instrument of Accession by 15 August, 1947.
Junagadh Nawab wanted to join Pakistan but his people wanted to join Indian dominion.
Hyderabad wanted a sovereign status.
Kashmir had a Hindu prince and a Muslim majority population. The prince envisaged a sovereign status for the state and was reluctant to accede to either India or Pakistan.
The 3 major issues that impeded the integration process were, firstly their demand for independence, secondly the demand to integrate with Pakistan and finally the problems of administrative integration after political integration.
Also Pakistan was influencing the decisions of these states by offering financial as well political tools to these states if they acceded in Pakistan. This was a headache for Indian leadership.

The 1960s decade was labelled as the ‘dangerous decade’ when unresolved problems like poverty, inequality, communal and religious divisions etc. could lead to a failure of the democratic project or even the disintegration of the country.

The resettlement process includes challenges such as the loss of culture, community, and language as well as the need to adapt to a new and foreign environment. Children are often caught between the old and new cultures because they learn new languages and acquire cultural norms more quickly than their older relatives. Causes for the crisis of the refugees can include war and civil war, human rights violations, environment and climate. They provide protection to people who are in urgent need of it, especially when targeted at the most vulnerable groups in the refugee population. Most significantly, perhaps, resettlement programs avert the need for refugees to make long, dangerous, and sometimes illicit journeys to distant asylum locations.

Amritsar and Kolkata became communal zones because Muslims did not wish to move into area of Hindus and Sikhs majority and on the other hand Hindus and Sikhs also wanted to stay away from the areas of Muslim predominance.

The Arab Spring was a series of pro-democracy uprisings that enveloped several largely Muslim countries, including Tunisia, Morocco, Syria, Libya, Egypt and Bahrain. The events in these nations generally began in the spring of 2011, which led to the name

Indian Railways strike of 1974 is a saga of heroism of ordinary railway workers and their families who dared to stand up against the might of the Indian state. It is the most widespread revolt by the working class in independent India and the biggest strike in the history of Indian Railway. How many of us know about this heroic story of the ordinary railwaymen resisting terror unleashed by the Indira Gandhi regime?Indian Railways strike of 1974 The strike commenced on 8 May 1974. The strike was brutally suppressed by government with thousands being sent to jail and losing their jobs. The strike was called off on 27 May 1974. The 1974 strike forced political parties across the spectrum to spell out their stand clearly. The strike also provided a stunning launch pad to mass appeal for those like George Fernandes who, as the president of the All India Railwaymen's Federation (AIRF), was the main leader of the strike. Although portrayed as a failure, the strike achieved later what it sought to achieve then.