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Semiconductors : These are the solids with conductivities in the intermediate range from 10–6 to 104 ohm–1m–1.
In case of semiconductors, the gap between the valence band and conduction band is small Therefore, some electrons may jump to conduction band and show some conductivity. Electrical conductivity of semiconductors increases with rise in temperature, since
more electrons can jump to the conduction band. Substances like silicon and germanium show this type of behaviour and are called intrinsic semiconductors.
The conductivity of these intrinsic semiconductors is too low to be of practical use. Their conductivity is increased by adding an appropriate amount of suitable impurity. This process is called doping.
There are two types of semiconductor
i) n- type semiconductor
ii) p- type semiconductor
Element of group14 of the periodic table, when doped with a group 15 element like P or As, Four out of five electrons are used in the formation of four covalent bonds with the four neighbouring silicon atoms. The fifth electron is extra and becomes delocalised.
These delocalised electrons increase the conductivity of doped silicon (or germanium). Here the increase in conductivity is due to the negatively charged electron, hence silicon doped with electron-rich impurity is called n-type semiconductor.
p-type :
Silicon or germanium can also be doped with a group 13 element like B, Al or Ga which contains only three valence electrons. The place where the fourth valence electron is missing is called electron hole or electron vacancy. This hole can be act as charge carrier in the lattice. This known as p - type semiconductor.
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Optical fiber is the technology associated with data transmission using light pulses travelling along with a long fiber which is usually made of plastic or glass. Metal wires are preferred for transmission in optical fiber communication as signals travel with fewer damages. Optical fibers are also unaffected by electromagnetic interference. The fiber optical cable uses the application of total internal reflection of light. The fibers are designed such that they facilitate the propagation of light along the optical fiber depending on the requirement of power and distance of transmission. A single mode fiber is used for long-distance transmission while a multimode fiber is used for shorter distances. The outer cladding of this fibers needs better protection than metal wires.
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