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Devices which can control the flow of electrons are the main building blocks of electronic circuits.
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Cyclotron
Cyclotron is a device used to accelerate charged particles to high energies. It was devised by Lawrence.
Principle
Cyclotron works on the principle that a charged particle moving normal to a magnetic field experiences magnetic lorentz force due to which the particle moves in a circular path.
Construction
It consists of a hollow metal cylinder divided into two sections D1 and D2 called Dees, enclosed in an evacuated chamber (Fig 3.21). The Dees are kept separated and a source of ions is placed at the centre in the gap between the Dees. They are placed between the pole pieces of a strong electromagnet. The magnetic field acts perpendicular to the plane of the Dees. The Dees are connected to a high frequency oscillator.
Working:When a positive ion of charge q and mass m is emitted from the source, it is accelerated towards the Dee having a negative potential at that instant of time. Due to the normal magnetic field, the ion experiences magnetic lorentz force and moves in a circular path. By the time the ion arrives at the gap between the Dees, the polarity of the Dees gets reversed. Hence the particle is once again accelerated and moves into the other Dee with a greater velocity along a circle of greater radius. Thus the particle moves in a spiral path of increasing radius and when it comes near the edge, it is taken out with the help of a deflector plate (D.P). The particle with high energy is now allowed to hit the target T.
When the particle moves along a circle of radius r with a velocity v, the magnetic Lorentz force provides the necessary centripetal force.
Bqv = (vm2 ) / r
v /r = Bq / m = constant ...(1)
The time taken to describe a semi-circle
t = π r / v (2)
Substituting equation (1) in (2),
t = π m/ Bq .. (3)
It is clear from equation (3) that the time taken by the ion to describe a semi-circle is independent of
(i) the radius (r) of the path and (ii) the velocity (v) of the particle
Hence, period of rotation T = 2t
T = 2 π m / Bq = constant ...(4)
So, in a uniform magnetic field, the ion traverses all the circles in exactly the same time. The frequency of rotation of the particle,
v = 1 /T = Bq / 2 πm .. (5)
If the high frequency oscillator is adjusted to produce oscillations of frequency as given in equation (5), resonance occurs.
Cyclotron is used to accelerate protons, deutrons and α - particles.
Limitations
a. Maintaining a uniform magnetic field over a large area of the Dees is difficult.
b. At high velocities, relativistic variation of mass of the particle upsets the resonance condition.
c. At high frequencies, relativistic variation of mass of the electron is appreciable and hence electrons cannot be accelerated by cyclotron.
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Madhukar Dutt Tripathi 6 years, 6 months ago
You can do alternate week training.
Or booklet formation
In the first method, if you have finished a certain topic or chapter, then make sure to revisit that chapter the third week from the one at which it was finished.
The second method includes making flowcharts, and short hands of chapters and convert your books into a concised booklet at the end of academic session.
These both ways will help you keep your data n facts on your tips..!!
Good luck n score well..!!:-)
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You can check last year papers here : https://mycbseguide.com/cbse-question-papers.html
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(a) The self inductance is defined on the magnetic flux linked with the coil when unit current flows through it. The self inductance is defined as the emf induced in the coil, when the rate of change of current in the coil is 1 ampere/second. The SI unit of self inductance is henry (H).
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Hysteresis refers to the lagging of the magnetization of a ferromagnetic material like iron. If we place the ferromagnetic materials within a coil of wire carrying an electric current, then the magnetic field which is created by the current causes all of the atomic magnets in the material to align with the field. As a result of this alignment, the total magnetic field increases. This alignment does not occur instantaneously, but in fact lags behind it.
The word hysteresis is also used to describe rate-independent state. It implies that if a certain set of inputs x(t) produce an output Y(t), then the inputs X(αt) produce output Y(αt) for any α > 0.
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Chetan Jewaria 6 years, 6 months ago
2Thank You