AAPHER Physical fitness Test: This test was designed to help the teachers of physical education and other recreation leaders in the field to find out the performance levels of their students, compare them with national norms and inspire them towards the higher levels of achievements.
Test Contents : The test consists of the following six items :
(a) Pull ups : In case of girls, the pull-ups are to be started from a flexed arm hang. This test item judges the arm and shoulder girdle strength.
(b) Flexed Leg Situps : This test is meant to judge the efficiency of abdominal and hip flexor muscles.
© Shuttle Run : This test item is meant for judging the speed and change of direction.
(d) Standing Long Jump : For judging the explosive power of leg muscles.
(e) 50 Yard Dash or Sprint : For judging speed.
(f) 600 Yard Run : For judging endurance.
Administration of Tests:
These tests can be conducted in a gymnasium or out-doors. The only apparatus required in these tests is a horizontal bar having a diameter of approximately 1 ~ inches for pull-ups and flexed arm hang for girls. However, arrangement has to be made for the timing and recording of all scores with the help of timers and recorders.
Item No. 1—Pull up : This item has to be done from a hanging position on the bar by using the overhead grasp (with palms facing outwards). The arms and legs of a subject should be fully extended. From hanging position, the subject should raise his body with his arms until his chin is placed over the bar. Then, he should lower his body to a full hanging position. In doing so, the knees should not be bent and the pull should not be jerky or snap pull. The number of completed pull-ups is the score of the subject. Item No. 1 (Girls)—Flexed-arm Hang : In this test item for girls, the subject is required to hang from the bar with flexed arms and overhead grasp. She should raise her body to a position where the chin is above the bar, the elbows are flexed and the chest is close to the bar. The stopwatch is started as soon as a subject assumes such a hanging position and is stopped when the subject’s chin falls below the level of the bar. The time recorded in seconds for which a subject holds the hang position is her score.
Item No. 2—Sit-ups : For this test meant for boys and girls, the subject should He on his or her back with knees flexed and kept not more than 12 inches from the buttocks. The hands of the subject should be placed at the back of the neck, fingers clasped and elbows touching the mat. From this position, the subject should raise his or her head and elbows forward upwards till the elbows touch the knees. This constitutes one sit-up. The number of correctly performed sit ups in 60 seconds from the start of the first sit-up is the score of a subject.
Item No. 3—Shuttle Run : For this test item, two parallel lines are drawn at a distance of 30 feet from each other and two blocks of wood are placed behind one of the Hnes. The subject has to stand behind the Other line and on the signal “Ready”, “Go” should run to pick up one block, run back to the starting line and place the block behind the line. He should again turn back to pick up the second block and bring it also behind the starting line. Two such trials are given.
The better time of the two trials to the nearest 10th of a second is the score of the subject.
Item No. 4—Standing Long jump : In this test, a subject is required to stand behind a take-off line, with feet apart. He takes a jump forward by extending his bent knees and swinging the arms forward.
The best jump recorded, out of the three trials given, is the score of the subject. The jump should be recorded in feet and inches.
Item No. 5—50 Yard Run : Two Hnes are drawn at a distance of 50 Yards from each other. The subject is made to run from the start Hne to the finish Hne and his time taken is recorded in seconds (nearest to the tenth of a second.) This indicates his score.
Item No. 6—600 Yard Run : This run can be organized on a track, on a football field or an open area marked for this purpose. In this test item, a subject runs a distance of 600 Yards, The subject takes a standing start from the start line. The subject may walk in between. However, the objective is to cover the distance in the shortest time, When he crosses the finish Hne, he is informed of his time.
The time taken to run the distance is recorded in minutes and seconds.

stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat. Stroke volume is calculated using measurements of ventricle volumes from an echocardiogram and subtracting the volume of the blood in the ventricle at the end of a beat (called end-systolic volume) from the volume of blood just prior to the beat (called end-diastolic volume).The stroke volumes for each ventricle are generally equal, both being approximately 70 mL in a healthy 70-kg man.

Ans. In this type of tournament, the team which is defeated once gets eliminated immediately and will not be given another chance to play. The total number of matches to played in this tournament will be equal to the number of teams participating minus one (N -1) e.g. if 21 teams are participating, the total number matches will be 21-1 =20

Number of teams in First Group = N+12 = 21+12 = 11

Number of teams in 2nd Group = N-12 = 21-12 = 10

Total No of Byes = Next power of Two - Total teams = 32-21 = 11

So, Knock-out tournament for 21 teams ll be

Simple carbohydrates have one or two carbohydrate . The most common of them with only 1 sugar-chain are glucose, fructose (found in fruits), galactose (in milk). Double sugars include sucrose (table sugar), and even honey.
Complex carbohydrates have three or more  carbohydrate . They are usually referred to as ‘starchy’ carbohydrates. These are digested and stay in the bloodstream longer, and have higher amounts of vitamins and minerals than that of simple sugars. Examples of food rich in complex carbohydrates are vegetables, whole grain, and brown rice.

Personality usually means that an individual is much more than his outer appearance. Personality also refer to the pattern of thoughts, feeling, social adjustment and behaviour etc.
Different of personality:
ii) Mental dimension 
iii) Social dimension
iv) Emotional dimension

Specific sports programmes are for specific cause like awareness, unity health or any social cause.
i) Health run ii) Run for fun iii) Run for specific cause iv) Run for unity

Health runs- are organised by health department, sports department or social organisations. Usually their purpose is to ameliorate the standard of health in a country along with the raising of funds for charity. Health run is such a great physical activity that offers a significant health benefits’ Health run does not require any specific preparation. There is no competition in it but registration of participants is required in advance. The date and time is also fixed well in advance. There is no age limit in health runs and the distance course of running is also fixed up.

Run for fun- is also organised with an objective to spread the message among the masses to remain healthy and fit. It may be organised to motivate the people to exercise regularly and stay healthy. It is also organised in the same way as the health runs. Run for fun is more rerated to have fun during the run. In fact, run for fun is a friendly race that involves either road running or cross country running taking part for their own enjoyment and recreation rather than competition.
Generally’ run for fun is organised to raise funds for a charity. The sponsors only deduct the organisational expenditures. Run for fun can include novel categories such as wearing costumes and age categories for children, teenagers and adults.