During the seventeenth century about 15 per cent of the population lived in towns. This was, an average, higher than the proportion of urban population in Western Europe in the same period. In spite of this Bernier described Mughal cities as "camp towns", by which he meant towns that owed their existence, and depended for their survival, on the imperial camp. He believed that these came into existence when the imperial court moved in and rapidly declined when it moved out.

The Fifth Report was submitted to the British Parliament in 1813. It was called the Fifth Report as it was the fifth in a series of reports about the working of East India Company. The core issue of the Fifth Report was the administration and activities of the East India Company. This report had 1002 pages. About 800 pages were in the form of appendices which included petitions of zamindars and ryots, reports of Collectors, statistical tables on revenue returns and the official notes on the revenue and judicial administration of Bengal and Madras.
Objectives of the Report : Many groups of people in Britain were not happy with the working of East India Company in India. They opposed the monopoly enjoyed by East India Company over trade with India and China. Many British traders wanted a share in Company’s trade in India. They emphasised that the Indian market should be opened for British manufactures. Many political groups even argued that the conquest of Bengal benefitted only the East India Company and not the British nation as a whole. They highlighted the misrule and maladministration by East India Company. As a result, the British Parliament passed several acts in the late 18th century to regulate and control the rule of East India Company in India.
It even asked the Company to submit regular reports on its administrative activities in India. The Fifth Report was such a report. It was produced by select committee. It was concerned with the nature of Company’s rule in India. It contained an invaluable evidence against the rule of East India Company in India. It brings out the pitiable condition in rural Bengal in the late 18th century.
Basis of Criticism : The Fifth Report has been carefully examined by the critics. They find the following lacunas in it:
(i) It has many unconvincing arguments and evidences.
(ii) Its purpose was only to criticise the maladministration of the East India Company.
(iii) It exaggerated the collapse of traditional zamindari power.
(iv) It stated in hyperbolic words that the zamindars were losing their land. The land of the most of the farmers was auctioned.

Naynars were devotees of shiva and alvars were devotees of vishnu they traveled from places to places in tamil nadu

Ryot was a general economic term used throughout India for peasant cultivators but with variations in different provinces. While zamindars were landlords, raiyats were tenants and cultivators, and served as hired labour.

In short,

Ryot was a peasent. 
This was the name given under the ryotwari system 

2350 BCE - 1750 BCE

The growth of Magadha culminated in the emergence of the Mauryan Empire. Chandragupta Maurya, who founded the
empire (c. 321 BCE), extended control as far northwest as Afghanistan and Baluchistan, and his grandson Asoka,
arguably the most famous ruler of early India, conquered Kalinga (present-day Orissa). 
Such a huge empire needed a strong administration, hence here are the main features of how the empire was
administered.
1. Division of empire into five major political centres- This centres were located at very strategic location for
example both Taxila and Ujjayini were situated on important long-distance trade routes, while Suvarnagiri (literally, the
golden mountain) was possibly important for tapping the gold mines of Karnataka.
2. Standing army- Such a diverse and vast region needed a strong army to control and protec it. Hence as Megasthenes
has shown that the Mauryan had a very strong army. And he mentions six different committee with six subcommittees for
coordinating military activity. Of these, one looked after the navy, the second managed transport and provisions, the
third was responsible for foot-soldiers, the fourth for horses, the fifth for chariots and the sixth for elephants.
3. Appointing royal princes as the governor of the major political centres, because being a royal princes they could be
trusted.
4. During Asoka, he tried to hold his empire together by propagating dhamma, the principles of which were simple and
virtually universally applicable. This, according to him, would ensure the well-being of people in this world and the next.
5. Strong means of communication along land and rivers were developed aso as to administer the vast empire.
Among the five points we see that it was his attempts to hold the empire using dhamma as means to be most prominent
theme in the inscription which were inscribed on natural stones, pollished pillars.

Lal-Bal-Pal were the prominent leaders of the Swadeshi movement. They were Bal Gangadhar Tilak of Maharashtra, Bipin Chandra Pal of Bengal and Lala Lajpat Rai of Punjab. They advocated militant opposition to colonial rule.

Prashasti were the compositions written in praise of kings . Prayag prashasti Allahbadh pillar inscription written by harishena court poet of samudragipta help us to draw factual info. About gupta kings.

Gandhiji not only participated in the politics by being part of all the major nationalists conferences and meetings but also worked as a social reformer unlike other leaders as he propogated the message of unity , equality , non violance and truth in the society. It was his vailent efforts that helped in restoring peace after partition of our country. Added to ot he also promoted swadeshi goods & above all was considerate of even the poorest of the poor.

kshatriya is become king but in a satavahana dynasty , Brahman also become king . We known that brahman read and write but there rule in specifc area in satavahana dynasty .

In the early states, there was a very strict and vigil caste system prevalent in the society in the sankritic vedas. According to this kshatriyas were the mainly the people included from the ruling and powerful class like king.These people were mainly responsible for the protection and saving purpose of the peoples of his kingdom and they also accept gifts and take and perform sacifice and yagas. They were mainly warriors who were generally involved in the wars.

Merits: Revised 5 times, Oral records were cross checked, Numerical data was also written in words to avoid transcriptional error DEMERITS : Totalling error, Data was not uniform

Drainage system of Harappan cities-
(i) The drainage system was planned very carefully.
(ii) Road and streets were laid out along an approximate grid pattern intersecting at right angles.
(iii) Streets were laid out with drains and he drains were covered.
(iv) The houses were built along them. Domestic waste water had to flow into the street drains.
(v) The drains could be cleaned at regular intervals. The drains were made of burnt bricks.

(i)    A number of dogmatism became a part of Hinduism. People became very superstitious. They started to belive in idol worship, sacrifices, magic, etc. So the main objective of Bhakti movement was to remove all these evil practices.
(ii)    Caste system became very rigid in Hinduism. People of lower castes were hated by the upper caste. Lower castes started to adopt Islam and Hinduism came in danger. Preachers of Bhakti movement wanted to save Hinduism from this sort of danger.
(iii)    Muslims also forced Hindus to convert to Islam. It led to increase in mutual conflicts among them. So Bhakti movement was originated to remove mutual differences. There was another major objective of Bhakti movement and that was to encourage religious harmony in the country.

Ans. The diplomatic and political relationship of the Mughals with the neighbouring empires. i. Iran and Turan hinged on the control of the frontier defined by the Hindukush mountains that separated Afghanistan from the regions of Iran and Central Asia. ii. A constant aim of Mughal policy was to ward off potential danger by controlling strategic outposts – notably Kabul and Qandahar. iii. Qandahar was a bone of contention between the Safavids and the Mughals. iv. The relationship between the Mughals and the Ottomans was marked by the concern to ensure free movement for merchants and pilgrims in the territories under Ottoman control. This was especially true for the Hijaz, that part of Ottoman Arabia where the important pilgrim centres of Mecca and Medina were located. v. Akbar was curious about Christianity and dispatched an embassy to Goa to invite Jesuit priests. The first Jesuit mission reached the Mughal court at Fatehpur Sikri in 1580 and stayed for about two years.

Harapan civilisation came to an end by 1800 BCE. It was probably due to natural calamities like earthquake, change/shift in the course of river ...there are evidance that by 1800BCE house construction techniques deteriorated.,craft specialisation was no longer produced . It appears that the entire civilisation came to an end.

Physical Arrangements of Mughal Court :
i. It focused on sovereign status of the king as the heart of the society.
ii. His throne as the takhat gave physical form to the 
function of the sovereign as axis Mundi.
iii. The Canopy was believed to separate the radiance of  the sun from that of the sovereign.
iv. In court, status was determined by spatial proximity to the king.
v. Once the emperor sat on throne no one was  permitted to move or leave without permission.
vi. The slightest infringement of etiquette was noticed  on the spot.
vii. Deeper prostration represented higher status (sijda).
viii. Either by bowing or kissing the ground.

Prabhavati gupta was daughter of chandragupta ll and wife of a vanktaka king.she had access to land which she granted to brahmins

The controversy was that which language should be made the national language of our country. As some like congress and gandhiji were favouring HINDUSTANI others like R.V Dhulekar were favournig HINDI & the south indians were in opposition of both so in order to solve this problem language committee was formed which decided to make hindi as official language for 15 years and english and other regional languages was to be used in the regions where people doesnt know hindi

The causes that brought the partition of India: 1. Muslim League-the Muslim League was formed in 1906 by Mohammad Ali Jinnah and the party demanded autonomy for the Muslim majority areas in the subcontinent which increase the communal tension between Hindus and Muslims . their relation became worst. In 1940 the league demanded separate nation for the Muslims Pakistan. 2. The role of Hindu Mahasabha-in 1916 Hindu Mahasabha was formed by Madan Mohan Malviya which openly propagated against the muslims 3. Weak policy of Congress-the demand of Muslims was increasing day by day. And Congress accepted them one by one. In 1916 Congress gave Muslims separate electorates. making use of its weak policy the league started demanding Pakistan. 4. Communal riots-after the leaves demand for Pakistan the Muslims and Hindus all over India were provoked and this led to communal riots. The only way to stop these riots was the partition of India. 5. Failure of interim government-the cabinet mission in 1946 proposed that an interim government was formed in which the Congress and Muslim League got a chance to work together. But the Muslim League continued to put hurdles in the way of Congress. the failure of interim government made it clear that the Hindus and Muslims would not be able to run the government unitedly. 6. The declaration to quit India-when the British government declared that they would be quitting India then the Muslim League was not ready to get freedom without getting Pakistan .this quote communal riots and dispose British to divide India into India and Pakistan. 7. Lord Mountbatten's plan-Lord Mountbatten was sent as a Viceroy to India to divide the India and lead to partition after many rounds of discussions Jawaharlal Nehruafter many rounds of discussions Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel agreed for the partition of India.

The following are the reasons for the partition of India: 1. Muslim League-Muslim League was formed in 1906 and demanded the autonomy for the Muslim majority areas of the subcontinent.

LIST OF MAPS

Book 1

1. P-2. Mature Harappan sites: Harappa, Banawali, Kalibangan, Balakot, Rakhigarhi, Dholavira, Nageshwar, Lothal, Mohenjodaro, Chanhudaro, Kot Diji.
2. P-30. Mahajanapada and cities : Vajji, Magadha, Kosala, Kuru, Panchala, Gandhara, Avanti, Rajgir, Ujjain, Taxila, Varanasi.
3. P-33. Distribution of Ashokan inscriptions:
   1. Kushanas, Shakas, Satavahanas, Vakatakas, Guptas
   2. Cities/towns: Mathura, Kannauj, Puhar, Braghukachchha
   3. Pillar inscriptions – Sanchi, Topra, Meerut Pillar and Kaushambi.
   4. Kingdom of Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas.
4. P-43. Important kingdoms and towns:
   1. Kushanas, Shakas, Satavahanas, Vakatakas, Guptas
   2. Cities/towns: Mathura, Kanauj, Puhar, Braghukachchha, Shravasti, Rajgir, Vaishali, Varanasi, Vidisha
5. P-95. Major Buddhist Sites: Nagarjunakonda, Sanchi, Amaravati, Lumbini, Nasik, Bharhut, BodhGaya, Shravasti

Book 2

1. P-174. Bidar, Golconda, Bijapur, Vijayanagar, Chandragiri, Kanchipuram, Mysore, Thanjavur, Kolar, Tirunelveli, Quilon
2. P-214. Territories under Babur, Akbar and Aurangzeb: Delhi, Agra, Panipat, Amber, Ajmer, Lahore, Goa.279

Book 3

1. P-297. Territories/cities under British Control in 1857:
   Punjab, Sindh, Bombay, Madras Fort St. David, Masulipatam, Berar, Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Avadh, Surat, Calcutta, Daccan, Chitagong, Patna, Benaras, Allahabad and Lucknow.
2. P-305. Main centres of the Revolt of 1857:
   Delhi, Meerut, Jhansi, Lucknow, Kanpur, Azamgarh, Calcutta, Benaras, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Agra, Avadh.
3. P-305. Important centres of the National Movement:
   Champaran, Kheda, Ahmedabad, Benaras, Amritsar, Chauri Chaura, Lahore, Bardoli, Dandi, Bombay (Quit India Resolution), Karachi.

There are some of the imp questions given for map by our teachers.. Like.. Dont only relie on these... Work for other maps as well.. But u can have a idea... These are 8 markers ques 1. Briefly explain the role and the struggle of Mahatma Gandhi in national movements.. 2. Role of Congress from 1885-1947 3.role of Muslim league in national movement. And causes of partition? 4. why was revolt of 1857 called first war of independence. 5.what were the obstacles faced while framing the constitution. MAP QUES 1. PLACES which took active part in revolt (from first cp) 2. 5 places which did not took part in revolt 3.name a place which was affected by subsidiary alliance 4.region effected by doctrine of lapse 5. Which kingdom did kuwar Singh belonged to? 6.map on pg 297 and 305. 7.identify the places where the dutch .. British.. and Portuguese had their colony.. 8.there is a map quest on pg 320 para two... That u have to merge with the map of pg 320 and 325(leave this one) 9. Name the hill station developed by British.? 10. Five places associated with Mahatma. 11.places associated with civil disobedience 12.three places related to non cooperation.? 13. Places badly affected by partition

LIST OF MAPS

Book 1

1. P-2. Mature Harappan sites: Harappa, Banawali, Kalibangan, Balakot, Rakhigarhi, Dholavira, Nageshwar, Lothal, Mohenjodaro, Chanhudaro, Kot Diji.
2. P-30. Mahajanapada and cities : Vajji, Magadha, Kosala, Kuru, Panchala, Gandhara, Avanti, Rajgir, Ujjain, Taxila, Varanasi.
3. P-33. Distribution of Ashokan inscriptions:
   1. Kushanas, Shakas, Satavahanas, Vakatakas, Guptas
   2. Cities/towns: Mathura, Kannauj, Puhar, Braghukachchha
   3. Pillar inscriptions – Sanchi, Topra, Meerut Pillar and Kaushambi.
   4. Kingdom of Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas.
4. P-43. Important kingdoms and towns:
   1. Kushanas, Shakas, Satavahanas, Vakatakas, Guptas
   2. Cities/towns: Mathura, Kanauj, Puhar, Braghukachchha, Shravasti, Rajgir, Vaishali, Varanasi, Vidisha
5. P-95. Major Buddhist Sites: Nagarjunakonda, Sanchi, Amaravati, Lumbini, Nasik, Bharhut, BodhGaya, Shravasti

Book 2

1. P-174. Bidar, Golconda, Bijapur, Vijayanagar, Chandragiri, Kanchipuram, Mysore, Thanjavur, Kolar, Tirunelveli, Quilon
2. P-214. Territories under Babur, Akbar and Aurangzeb: Delhi, Agra, Panipat, Amber, Ajmer, Lahore, Goa.279

Book 3

1. P-297. Territories/cities under British Control in 1857:
   Punjab, Sindh, Bombay, Madras Fort St. David, Masulipatam, Berar, Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Avadh, Surat, Calcutta, Daccan, Chitagong, Patna, Benaras, Allahabad and Lucknow.
2. P-305. Main centres of the Revolt of 1857:
   Delhi, Meerut, Jhansi, Lucknow, Kanpur, Azamgarh, Calcutta, Benaras, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Agra, Avadh.
3. P-305. Important centres of the National Movement:
   Champaran, Kheda, Ahmedabad, Benaras, Amritsar, Chauri Chaura, Lahore, Bardoli, Dandi, Bombay (Quit India Resolution), Karachi

Because it was a blend of hindi and urdu and other regional languages so gandhiji felt that it could unify our nation.

Cunningham used the itinerary of chinese pilgrims who had visited the subcontinent to discover facts about harappa . But harappa was not a part of their itinerary in this way he tried to place harappa within a time frame with which he was familier thus he missed the significance of harappa. So the major difficulty before cunningham was to discover time period with which harappan artefacts were associated.