Buddhism got spreaded more than Jainism bcoz Buddhism doesn't follow asceticism as followed by Jainism. No harsh treatment is there in Buddhism. Rules and regulations of Buddhism is easy to follow. If we go in reference with Ashoka then Ashoka promoted buddhism a lot but nothing such case was with Jainism. Ashoka appointed mahamatra dhamma for promotion. Pillar and stone carvation of Buddha's teachings. Sended his own children abroad for promotion of Buddhism due to which Buddhism spreaded internationally while Jainism limited upto India.

1.Indica of megashthense He was a greek historian .he wrote a book famously called indica in which he gave a vivid description about admimsttrative.. 2. Arthashastra It provide us important and valueable information regarding the mauryan admisnistration and political condition. 3.The drama The drama is mudrarakshasha .it is a famous drama in which the drama tells the alliance of maurya with chanakya ,destroyed nanda dynsty by diplomacy. 4. Jaina and buddist literature The literature also tells us a lot like kalpasutra of bhadrabahu. Some other like the puranas ,inscriptions,coins ,monuments, are the evidences...

Yes why not

Can you please explain it as 8 marks answer

Indica of megasthense Arthsastra of kautaliya Buddishts and jaina texts Inscriptions The drama Raksashii.

Detailed and complete understanding on Non Cooperation Movement. Hope it helps !

The non-cooperation movement was launched on 1st August 1920 by the Indian National Congress (INC) under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. It signified a new chapter in the history of Indian freedom struggle.

Features of the non-cooperation movement

• The movement was essentially a peaceful and non-violent protest against the British government in India.
• Indians were asked to relinquish their titles and resign from nominated seats in the local bodies as a mark of protest.
• People were asked to resign from their government jobs.
• People were asked to withdraw their children from government-controlled or aided schools and colleges.
• People were asked to boycott foreign goods and use only Indian-made goods.
• People were asked to boycott the elections to the legislative councils.
• People were asked not to serve in the British army.
• It was also planned that if the above steps did not bring results, people would refuse to pay their taxes.
• The INC also demanded Swarajya or self-government.
• Only completely non-violent means would be employed to get the demands fulfilled.
• The non-cooperation movement was a decisive step in the independence movement because for the first time, the INC was ready to forego constitutional means to achieve self-rule.
• Gandhiji had assured that Swaraj would be achieved in a year if this movement was continued to completion.

Causes of the non-cooperation movement

• Resentment at the British after the war: Indians thought that in return for the extensive support of manpower and resources they had provided to Britain during the First World War, they would be rewarded by autonomy at the end of the war. But the Government of India Act passed in 1919 was dissatisfactory. In addition, the British also passed repressive acts like the Rowlatt Act which further angered many Indians who felt betrayed by the rulers despite their wartime support.
• Home Rule Movement: The Home Rule Movement started by Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak set the stage for the non-cooperation movement. The extremists and the moderates of the INC were united and the Lucknow Pact also saw solidarity between the Muslim League and the Congress Party. The return of the extremists gave the INC a militant character.
• Economic hardships due to World War I: India’s indirect participation in the war caused a lot of economic hardships to the people. Prices of goods began to soar which affected the common man. Peasants also suffered because the prices of agricultural products did not increase. All this led to resentment against the government.
• The Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre :The repressive Rowlatt Act and the brutal massacre at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar had a profound effect on the Indian leaders and the people. Their faith in the British system of justice was broken and the whole country rallied behind its leaders who were pitching for a more aggressive and firm stance against the government.
• The Khilafat Movement: During the First World War, Turkey, which was a German ally, had fought against the British. After Turkey’s defeat, the Ottoman caliphate was proposed to be dissolved. The Khilafat movement was launched by Muslims in India to persuade the British government not to abolish the caliphate. The leaders of this movement accepted the non-cooperation movement of Gandhiji and led a joint protest against the British.

Suspension of the non-cooperation movement

• Gandhiji called off the movement in February, 1922 in the wake of the Chauri Chaura incident.
• In Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh, a violent mob set fire to a police station killing 22 policemen during a clash between the police and protesters of the movement.
• Gandhiji called off the movement saying people were not ready for revolt against the government through ahimsa. A lot of leaders like Motilal Nehru and C R Das were against the suspension of the movement only due to sporadic incidents of violence.

Results and significance of the non-cooperation movement

• Swaraj was not achieved in one year as Gandhiji had told.
• However, it was a truly mass movement where lakhs of Indians participated in the open protest against the government through peaceful means.
• It shook the British government who were stumped by the extent of the movement.
• It saw participation from both Hindus and Muslims thereby showcasing communal harmony in the country.
• This movement established the popularity of the Congress Party among the people.
• As a result of this movement, people became conscious of their political rights. They were not afraid of the government.
• Hordes of people thronged to jails willingly.
• The Indian merchants and mill owners enjoyed good profits during this period as a result of the boycott of British goods. Khadi was promoted.
• The import of sugar from Britain reduced considerably during this period.
• This movement also established Gandhiji as a leader of the masses.

During the seventeenth century about 15 per cent of the population lived in towns. This was, an average, higher than the proportion of urban population in Western Europe in the same period. In spite of this Bernier described Mughal cities as "camp towns", by which he meant towns that owed their existence, and depended for their survival, on the imperial camp. He believed that these came into existence when the imperial court moved in and rapidly declined when it moved out.

The Fifth Report was submitted to the British Parliament in 1813. It was called the Fifth Report as it was the fifth in a series of reports about the working of East India Company. The core issue of the Fifth Report was the administration and activities of the East India Company. This report had 1002 pages. About 800 pages were in the form of appendices which included petitions of zamindars and ryots, reports of Collectors, statistical tables on revenue returns and the official notes on the revenue and judicial administration of Bengal and Madras.
Objectives of the Report : Many groups of people in Britain were not happy with the working of East India Company in India. They opposed the monopoly enjoyed by East India Company over trade with India and China. Many British traders wanted a share in Company’s trade in India. They emphasised that the Indian market should be opened for British manufactures. Many political groups even argued that the conquest of Bengal benefitted only the East India Company and not the British nation as a whole. They highlighted the misrule and maladministration by East India Company. As a result, the British Parliament passed several acts in the late 18th century to regulate and control the rule of East India Company in India.
It even asked the Company to submit regular reports on its administrative activities in India. The Fifth Report was such a report. It was produced by select committee. It was concerned with the nature of Company’s rule in India. It contained an invaluable evidence against the rule of East India Company in India. It brings out the pitiable condition in rural Bengal in the late 18th century.
Basis of Criticism : The Fifth Report has been carefully examined by the critics. They find the following lacunas in it:
(i) It has many unconvincing arguments and evidences.
(ii) Its purpose was only to criticise the maladministration of the East India Company.
(iii) It exaggerated the collapse of traditional zamindari power.
(iv) It stated in hyperbolic words that the zamindars were losing their land. The land of the most of the farmers was auctioned.

Naynars were devotees of shiva and alvars were devotees of vishnu they traveled from places to places in tamil nadu

Ryot was a general economic term used throughout India for peasant cultivators but with variations in different provinces. While zamindars were landlords, raiyats were tenants and cultivators, and served as hired labour.

In short,

Ryot was a peasent. 
This was the name given under the ryotwari system 

2350 BCE - 1750 BCE

The growth of Magadha culminated in the emergence of the Mauryan Empire. Chandragupta Maurya, who founded the
empire (c. 321 BCE), extended control as far northwest as Afghanistan and Baluchistan, and his grandson Asoka,
arguably the most famous ruler of early India, conquered Kalinga (present-day Orissa). 
Such a huge empire needed a strong administration, hence here are the main features of how the empire was
administered.
1. Division of empire into five major political centres- This centres were located at very strategic location for
example both Taxila and Ujjayini were situated on important long-distance trade routes, while Suvarnagiri (literally, the
golden mountain) was possibly important for tapping the gold mines of Karnataka.
2. Standing army- Such a diverse and vast region needed a strong army to control and protec it. Hence as Megasthenes
has shown that the Mauryan had a very strong army. And he mentions six different committee with six subcommittees for
coordinating military activity. Of these, one looked after the navy, the second managed transport and provisions, the
third was responsible for foot-soldiers, the fourth for horses, the fifth for chariots and the sixth for elephants.
3. Appointing royal princes as the governor of the major political centres, because being a royal princes they could be
trusted.
4. During Asoka, he tried to hold his empire together by propagating dhamma, the principles of which were simple and
virtually universally applicable. This, according to him, would ensure the well-being of people in this world and the next.
5. Strong means of communication along land and rivers were developed aso as to administer the vast empire.
Among the five points we see that it was his attempts to hold the empire using dhamma as means to be most prominent
theme in the inscription which were inscribed on natural stones, pollished pillars.

Lal-Bal-Pal were the prominent leaders of the Swadeshi movement. They were Bal Gangadhar Tilak of Maharashtra, Bipin Chandra Pal of Bengal and Lala Lajpat Rai of Punjab. They advocated militant opposition to colonial rule.

Prashasti were the compositions written in praise of kings . Prayag prashasti Allahbadh pillar inscription written by harishena court poet of samudragipta help us to draw factual info. About gupta kings.

Gandhiji not only participated in the politics by being part of all the major nationalists conferences and meetings but also worked as a social reformer unlike other leaders as he propogated the message of unity , equality , non violance and truth in the society. It was his vailent efforts that helped in restoring peace after partition of our country. Added to ot he also promoted swadeshi goods & above all was considerate of even the poorest of the poor.

kshatriya is become king but in a satavahana dynasty , Brahman also become king . We known that brahman read and write but there rule in specifc area in satavahana dynasty .

In the early states, there was a very strict and vigil caste system prevalent in the society in the sankritic vedas. According to this kshatriyas were the mainly the people included from the ruling and powerful class like king.These people were mainly responsible for the protection and saving purpose of the peoples of his kingdom and they also accept gifts and take and perform sacifice and yagas. They were mainly warriors who were generally involved in the wars.

Merits: Revised 5 times, Oral records were cross checked, Numerical data was also written in words to avoid transcriptional error DEMERITS : Totalling error, Data was not uniform

Drainage system of Harappan cities-
(i) The drainage system was planned very carefully.
(ii) Road and streets were laid out along an approximate grid pattern intersecting at right angles.
(iii) Streets were laid out with drains and he drains were covered.
(iv) The houses were built along them. Domestic waste water had to flow into the street drains.
(v) The drains could be cleaned at regular intervals. The drains were made of burnt bricks.

(i)    A number of dogmatism became a part of Hinduism. People became very superstitious. They started to belive in idol worship, sacrifices, magic, etc. So the main objective of Bhakti movement was to remove all these evil practices.
(ii)    Caste system became very rigid in Hinduism. People of lower castes were hated by the upper caste. Lower castes started to adopt Islam and Hinduism came in danger. Preachers of Bhakti movement wanted to save Hinduism from this sort of danger.
(iii)    Muslims also forced Hindus to convert to Islam. It led to increase in mutual conflicts among them. So Bhakti movement was originated to remove mutual differences. There was another major objective of Bhakti movement and that was to encourage religious harmony in the country.

Ans. The diplomatic and political relationship of the Mughals with the neighbouring empires. i. Iran and Turan hinged on the control of the frontier defined by the Hindukush mountains that separated Afghanistan from the regions of Iran and Central Asia. ii. A constant aim of Mughal policy was to ward off potential danger by controlling strategic outposts – notably Kabul and Qandahar. iii. Qandahar was a bone of contention between the Safavids and the Mughals. iv. The relationship between the Mughals and the Ottomans was marked by the concern to ensure free movement for merchants and pilgrims in the territories under Ottoman control. This was especially true for the Hijaz, that part of Ottoman Arabia where the important pilgrim centres of Mecca and Medina were located. v. Akbar was curious about Christianity and dispatched an embassy to Goa to invite Jesuit priests. The first Jesuit mission reached the Mughal court at Fatehpur Sikri in 1580 and stayed for about two years.

Harapan civilisation came to an end by 1800 BCE. It was probably due to natural calamities like earthquake, change/shift in the course of river ...there are evidance that by 1800BCE house construction techniques deteriorated.,craft specialisation was no longer produced . It appears that the entire civilisation came to an end.

Physical Arrangements of Mughal Court :
i. It focused on sovereign status of the king as the heart of the society.
ii. His throne as the takhat gave physical form to the 
function of the sovereign as axis Mundi.
iii. The Canopy was believed to separate the radiance of  the sun from that of the sovereign.
iv. In court, status was determined by spatial proximity to the king.
v. Once the emperor sat on throne no one was  permitted to move or leave without permission.
vi. The slightest infringement of etiquette was noticed  on the spot.
vii. Deeper prostration represented higher status (sijda).
viii. Either by bowing or kissing the ground.

Prabhavati gupta was daughter of chandragupta ll and wife of a vanktaka king.she had access to land which she granted to brahmins