Ziyarat means Pilgrimage.

Music and dance were also parts of ziyarat. The Sufis remember God either by reciting the Divine Names or evoking his presence through sama or performance of mystical music. Sama was integral to the Chishtis, and exemplified interaction with indigenous devotional traditions.

Ziyarat is a pilgrimage site devoted to Muhammad and his family

It is an pilgrimage, holy place in Arabic countries

The significance of Kabir’s poems is as follows:

Source of Inspiration:
Kabir’s poems have been a source of inspiration to those who questioned rigid and unrooted social institutions, ideas and practices in search of God.
Taken from both Hinduism and Islam:
The significance of Kabir’s poem also lies in the fact that his teachings were inspired by both Hinduism and Islam which sometimes expressed diverse and conflicting ideas. For instance, some poems imbibed Islamic ideas and used monotheism and attacked Hindu polytheism and idol worship while others used the Sufi concept of zikr and ishq to express the Hindu practice of nam-simaran i.e. remembrance of God’s name.
Kabir’s ideas crystallised through dialogue and debate and his legacy was claimed by several groups. The traditions, he drew to describe ultimate reality through his poems are:
Islamic Traditions:
He described the ultimate reality as Allah, Khuda, Hazrat and Pir.
Vedantic Tradition:
He used the terms Alakh (Unseen), Nirakar (Formless), Brahman, Atman, etc to describe the ultimate reality.
Yogic Tradition:
Other terms with mystical connotations such as shabda (sound) or Shunya (emptiness) were drawn from yogic tradition.

Nayanars were devotees of Shiva. The presence of women made it notable. Karaikkal Ammaiyar was a Nayanar who adopted the path of extreme asceticism in order to attain her goal. She renounced social obligations and challenged the patriarchal norms. Her compositions are well preserved within the Nayanar tradition.

The following two sources provides us the history of Bhakti and Sufi traditions from the 8th-18th century:

• Compositions ascribed to poet- saints, which was compiled by disciples and devotees after his death.

• Hagiographies or biographies of saints written by the followers of bhakti and Sufi traditions.

The two women poet-saints of Tamil Nadu were Andal and Karraikkal Amaiyar.
Andal worshipped Vishnu and Karraikkal Amaiyar worshipped shiva.

Major beliefs and practices of Sufism : In the early centuries of Islam, a group of religous minded people turned to asceticism and mysticism. They were called as Sufis. Major beliefs and practices of Sufism are given below:

(i)    Sufis criticised the dogmatic definitions and scholastic methods of interpreting the Quran and Sunna (traditions of the Prophet) given by theologians. Sufis thus interpreted the Quran on the basis of their personal experiences.

(ii)    They gave emphasis on seeking salvation through great devotion and bhakti of God.

(iii)    They regarded Prophet Muhammad as a perfect human being and preached to follow the Prophet Muhammad.

(iv)    They were in favour of zikr, sama, singing, dance and training of mind, through different methods under the guidance of any Auliya or Pir.

(v)    They gave stress on mendicancy and celibacy. They ignored rituals and observed extreme forms of asceticism.

(vi)    They used to go for ziyarat, to tombs of Sufi saints. Music and dance were also parts of ziyarat. The Sufis remember God either by reciting the Divine Names or evoking his presence through sama or performance of mystical music. Sama was integral to the Chishtis, and exemplified interaction with indigenous devotional traditions.

(vii)    According to Sufis God is one and is all-powerful. Every one is his creation. That’s why all are equal.

(viii)    According to Sufism service of mankind and needy people is as equal to the devotion of God. That’s why a common kitchen (langar) was being run in Khanqah of Shaikh Nizamuddin Aulia which was being run on ‘futuh’ (unasked for charity). From morning till late night this kitchen was being run to provide food for all sections of society.

(ix)    A major feature of Sufism was austerity including maintaining a distance from worldly power.

The last Shishunaga ruler, Mahanandin, was assassinated by Mahapadma Nanda in 345 BCE, the first of the so-called "Nine Nandas", i. e. Mahapadma and his eight sons.

Sundar pichai now the CEO of the greatest MNC in the world(Google) , born in land of pride Madurai ( small district in Tamilnadu)
A man from India who reached great bounds And has an average income of about 200$ millionUSD

The two main sources of information on the Mauryan period are Indika by Megasthenes and Arthashastra by Chanakya (also known as Kautilya).

James Princep was an officer in the mint of the British East India Company during the 1830s.
It was his discovery that gave a new direction in studying the early History India because
1. He deciphered Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts, the scripts in which Ashoka's inscription are written. Thus making available large chunks of evidences.
2. It was his disovery of Piyamdasi being Ashoka that opened up the huge Mauryan empire and discovery of Ashoka the great.
3. Through his disocovery historians began to to shift their focus to the context of political history, investigating whether there were connections between political changes and economic and social developments. 

Chandragupta Maurya’s empire extended from Kabul and Kandahar in the North-West to Mysore in the south; and from Bengal in the east to Saurashtra in the west.

The growth of Magadha culminated in the emergence of the Mauryan Empire. Chandragupta Maurya, who founded the empire (c. 321 BCE), extended control as far northwest as Afghanistan and Baluchistan, and his grandson Asoka, arguably the most famous ruler of early India, conquered Kalinga (present-day Orissa). 
Such a huge empire needed a strong administration, hence here are the main features of how the empire was administered.

1. Division of empire into five major political centres- This centres were located at very strategic location for example both Taxila and Ujjayini were situated on important long-distance trade routes, while Suvarnagiri (literally, the golden mountain) was possibly important for tapping the gold mines of Karnataka.

2. Standing army- Such a diverse and vast region needed a strong army to control and protec it. Hence as Megasthenes has shown that the Mauryan had a very strong army. And he mentions six different committee with six subcommittees for coordinating military activity. Of these, one looked after the navy, the second managed transport and provisions, the third was responsible for foot-soldiers, the fourth for horses, the fifth for chariots and the sixth for elephants.

3. Appointing royal princes as the governor of the major political centres, because being a royal princes they could be trusted.

4. During Asoka, he tried to hold his empire together by propagating dhamma, the principles of which were simple and virtually universally applicable. This, according to him, would ensure the well-being of people in this world and the next.

5. Strong means of communication along land and rivers were developed aso as to administer the vast empire.

Among the five points we see that it was his attempts to hold the empire using dhamma as means to be most prominent theme in the inscription which were inscribed on natural stones, pollished pillars.

Chandragupta I was the first Gupta king to issue gold coins. Designs were influenced by the coins of the earlier Kushan Empire.

At following places inscriptions of Asoka have been found:
(i) Siddapur: This place is situated in Chittal Durga district of Mysore state.
(ii) Brahmagiri: This place is also in Mysore state.
(iii) Maski: This place is situated near Hyderabed.
(iv) Sahasram: This place is situated in Shahabad (Bihar).

The ways are:
(i) The land grants give us a glimpse of relationship between the state and the farmers.
(ii) Certain land grants for example gives us details of things and products to be given or not to be given to someone. By this we can deduce what people produced, their subsistence etc.

I think rulers would have made arrangement for irrigation for the following reasons:

(i) To increase agricultural production.

(ii) Land revenue was the most important source of state income. Only good crops and enough agricultural production enables the farmers to pay land revenue in time.

(iii) In ancient times agriculture was main occupation and the farmers were most important working class of the society. And the whole economy of the kingdom depended on agriculture.

Archaeological sources are the main source for studying the Harappan Civilization.

The Harappan or the Indus Valley civilisation was buried under the ground with no other evidence except for the archaeological sources that were found after the excavation of different sites. This civilisation came to an abrupt end almost 3,500 years ago.

• Vajji was a republican mahajanapada in mordern Bihar. Its capital was Vaishali and it was run by ganas or sanghas (assemblies).
• There were hundreds of members in a sangha, and each was known as a raja. All those members got together to decide the important matters of the state.
• Woman and slaves were not allowed to be part of these assemblies.
• Buddha and Mahavira were both part of ganas or sanghas, and Buddhist books specifically talk about the working of sanghas.
• Many powerful rajas tried but failed to conquer the sanghas, and although the Guptas did conquer them, it only happened much later.