Sundar pichai now the CEO of the greatest MNC in the world(Google) , born in land of pride Madurai ( small district in Tamilnadu)
A man from India who reached great bounds And has an average income of about 200$ millionUSD

The two main sources of information on the Mauryan period are Indika by Megasthenes and Arthashastra by Chanakya (also known as Kautilya).

James Princep was an officer in the mint of the British East India Company during the 1830s.
It was his discovery that gave a new direction in studying the early History India because
1. He deciphered Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts, the scripts in which Ashoka's inscription are written. Thus making available large chunks of evidences.
2. It was his disovery of Piyamdasi being Ashoka that opened up the huge Mauryan empire and discovery of Ashoka the great.
3. Through his disocovery historians began to to shift their focus to the context of political history, investigating whether there were connections between political changes and economic and social developments. 

Chandragupta Maurya’s empire extended from Kabul and Kandahar in the North-West to Mysore in the south; and from Bengal in the east to Saurashtra in the west.

The growth of Magadha culminated in the emergence of the Mauryan Empire. Chandragupta Maurya, who founded the empire (c. 321 BCE), extended control as far northwest as Afghanistan and Baluchistan, and his grandson Asoka, arguably the most famous ruler of early India, conquered Kalinga (present-day Orissa). 
Such a huge empire needed a strong administration, hence here are the main features of how the empire was administered.

1. Division of empire into five major political centres- This centres were located at very strategic location for example both Taxila and Ujjayini were situated on important long-distance trade routes, while Suvarnagiri (literally, the golden mountain) was possibly important for tapping the gold mines of Karnataka.

2. Standing army- Such a diverse and vast region needed a strong army to control and protec it. Hence as Megasthenes has shown that the Mauryan had a very strong army. And he mentions six different committee with six subcommittees for coordinating military activity. Of these, one looked after the navy, the second managed transport and provisions, the third was responsible for foot-soldiers, the fourth for horses, the fifth for chariots and the sixth for elephants.

3. Appointing royal princes as the governor of the major political centres, because being a royal princes they could be trusted.

4. During Asoka, he tried to hold his empire together by propagating dhamma, the principles of which were simple and virtually universally applicable. This, according to him, would ensure the well-being of people in this world and the next.

5. Strong means of communication along land and rivers were developed aso as to administer the vast empire.

Among the five points we see that it was his attempts to hold the empire using dhamma as means to be most prominent theme in the inscription which were inscribed on natural stones, pollished pillars.

Chandragupta I was the first Gupta king to issue gold coins. Designs were influenced by the coins of the earlier Kushan Empire.

At following places inscriptions of Asoka have been found:
(i) Siddapur: This place is situated in Chittal Durga district of Mysore state.
(ii) Brahmagiri: This place is also in Mysore state.
(iii) Maski: This place is situated near Hyderabed.
(iv) Sahasram: This place is situated in Shahabad (Bihar).

The ways are:
(i) The land grants give us a glimpse of relationship between the state and the farmers.
(ii) Certain land grants for example gives us details of things and products to be given or not to be given to someone. By this we can deduce what people produced, their subsistence etc.

I think rulers would have made arrangement for irrigation for the following reasons:

(i) To increase agricultural production.

(ii) Land revenue was the most important source of state income. Only good crops and enough agricultural production enables the farmers to pay land revenue in time.

(iii) In ancient times agriculture was main occupation and the farmers were most important working class of the society. And the whole economy of the kingdom depended on agriculture.

Archaeological sources are the main source for studying the Harappan Civilization.

The Harappan or the Indus Valley civilisation was buried under the ground with no other evidence except for the archaeological sources that were found after the excavation of different sites. This civilisation came to an abrupt end almost 3,500 years ago.

• Vajji was a republican mahajanapada in mordern Bihar. Its capital was Vaishali and it was run by ganas or sanghas (assemblies).
• There were hundreds of members in a sangha, and each was known as a raja. All those members got together to decide the important matters of the state.
• Woman and slaves were not allowed to be part of these assemblies.
• Buddha and Mahavira were both part of ganas or sanghas, and Buddhist books specifically talk about the working of sanghas.
• Many powerful rajas tried but failed to conquer the sanghas, and although the Guptas did conquer them, it only happened much later.

The duties laid down in ‘Manusmriti’ for the Chandals:

(i) They had to live outside the village.

(ii) They had to use discarded utensils.

(iii) They had to wear clothes of the dead and ornaments of iron.

(iv) They could not walk about in villages and cities at night.

(v) They had to dispose of the bodies of those who had no relatives and serve as executioners.

Agriculture: Agriculture was the main occupation of the Indus Valley people.

Domestication of Animals: The people of Harappa domesticated animals like oxen, buffaloes, pigs, goats and sheep.

Trade: Traders carried on trade in the country as well as with other countries like Egypt, Babylon and Afghanistan.

Inscription helps alot when writing the history of the Gupta period because with the help of it we can trace from it earliest period to its last period. Here are some of the example:
(a) Dr. Fleet rendered great service by publishing in 1888 the third volume of Corpus inscription of the early Gupta kings and their successors.The first 16 inscriptions in the above mentioned corpus refer to the early Guptas.Their dates range from 360 A.D. to 466 A.D.The date line of the early Gupta dynasty is taken to end with Skandagupta.
(b) ;The Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta gives us a detailed account of the conquests of his.
 (c) ;The Eran Stone No. 2 inscription of Samudragupta’s period contains a record of the power and achievements of Samudragupta. 
(d) The Udayagiri cave inscription, the Mathura stone inscription, the Sanchi stone inscription and the Gadhwa Stone Inscription of the time of Chandragupta II give us a lot of information regarding the attitude of the state towards religion.
Thus we can see from the above example that the inscription touches almost all the aspects of the Gupta rule. From its economy, society to political. Thus making it easier to reconstruct many aspects of theri rule from first Gupta ruler to the last one.

The reasons behind the decline of the Mauryan empire were

1. The successors of Ashoka were politically weak and inefficient.
2. The empire was too large in terms of size and it was very difficult to control the far flung territories.
3. After Ashoka’s death, there was no strong central authority. As a result, the viceroys of the provinces declared themselves independent.
4. Maintenance of a large standing army and an elaborate administrative system was a major strain on the state treasury.

The distribution of the population according to different types of occupations is referred to as the occupational structure.An enormous variety of.occupations are found in any country. These occupations can be classified into three categories: primary, secondary and tertiary.

(i) Primary activities include agriculture, animal husbandry, building and construction work, etc.

(ii) Secondary activities include manufacturing industry, building and construction work, etc.

(iii) Tertiary activities include transport, communications, commerce, administration and other services

An Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) report that was made public this week claims that the largest and oldest sites of the Harappan Civilization are both in Haryana. The oldest, according to C-14 radio-dating done by ASI, is at Bhirana village in Fatehabad district, and has been dated to 7570-6200 BC. Until now, Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan was considered the largest among the 2,000 Harappan sites known to exist in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. A recent report by the Archaeological Survey of India claims that Haryana's Bhirrana is the oldest Harappan site and Rakhigarhi the biggest Harappan site in Asia.

Retribution is defined as something done to get back at someone or the act of punishing someone for their actions. An example of retribution is when someone gets the death penalty for committing murder. An example of retribution is when someone gets the death penalty for committing murder. Vengeance is the  infliction of injury, harm, humiliation, or the like, on a person by another who has been harmed by that person; violent revenge: