Science and technology is important in population growth. Development of science has given us so many machines which are replacing the use of mechanical energy conserved in living beings. It led to increase in agricultural and industrial production. It also led to improvement in medical facilities leading to fall in death rates. It controlled many epidemic diseases. This fall in death led to a sharp rise in population.

Two types of subsistence farming are practised in India. One is primitive subsistence farming and the other is intensive subsistence farming. Four characteristics of subsistence farming in India are

1. Primitive subsistence farming is practised on a small patch of land with primitive tools such as a hoe, digging sticks etc.
2. In intensive subsistence farming, cultivation is done on an area of high population pressure.
3. In primitive subsistence farming, farmers clear a patch of land by burning trees and cultivate it for one or two years. Then they clear another patch of land for farming.
4. In intensive subsistence farming, high quantities of fertilisers are used. 

These settlements are fragmented into several units separated from each other. Thus, one site is easily recognisable and other houses are physically separated. They have local names such as para, panna, pali etc. There is complete diffusion and isolation of huts in the entire area. They are found in the middle Ganges plain, Chhattisgarh and Tarai region.

Naturalisation of Humans: In context of naturalisation of humans the following example has been taken: There was a man called Benda who lived in the wilds of the Abujh Maad area of central India. His village consisted of three huts deep in the wilds. Not even birds or stray dogs that usually crowded villages could be seen in these areas. Wearing a small loin cloth and armed with his axe he slowly surveyed the penda where his tribe practiced a primitive form of agriculture called shifting cultivation. Benda and his friends burnt small patches of forest to clear them for cultivation. The ash was used for making the soil fertile. Benda used to feel lucky to be born in such beautiful natural surroundings. When he used to take palmful of water, he remembered to thank Loi-Lugi, the spirit of the forest for allowing him to quench his thirst. He chewed on succulent leaves and roots. The boys used to collect Gajjhara and Kuchla, from the forest. These are special plants that Benda and his people used. He hoped the spirit of the forest would be kind and lead him to these herbs. These are needed to barter in the Madhai or tribal fair coming up the next full moon. He closed his eyes and tried hard to recall what the elders had taught him about these herbs and the places they were found in. He wished he had listened more carefully. Suddenly there was a rustling of leaves. Benda and his friends knew it is the outsiders who had come searching for them in the wilds. In a single fluid motion Benda and his friends disappeared behind the thick canopy of trees and became one with the spirit of the forest.

Humanisation of Nature: In this context the following example has been takens. Winters in the town of Trondheim meant fierce winds and heavy snow. The skies were dark for months. Kari used to drive to work in the dark at 8 am. She had special tyres for the winter and kept the headlights of her powerful car switched on. Her office was artificially heated at a comfortable 23 degrees Celsius. The campus of the university she worked in was built under a huge glass dome. This dome kept the snow out in winter and let in the sunshine in the summer. The temperature was controlled carefully and there was adequate lighting. Even though fresh vegetables and plants didn’t grow in such a harsh weather, Kari kept an orchid on her desk and enjoyed eating tropical fruits like banana and kiwi. These were flown in from warmer areas regularly. With a click of the mouse, Kari could network with colleagues in New Delhi. She frequently took a morning flight to London and returned in the evening in time to watch her favourite television serial. Though Kari was fifty-eight years old, she looked fitter and younger than many thirty years-old people.

Age-*** pyramids (also known as population pyramids) graphically display this information to improve understanding and make comparison easy.

Factors affecting different types of rural settlement in India:

1. Physical features - nature of terrain, altitude, climate and availability of water.
2. Cultural and ethnic factors - social structure, caste and religion.
3. Security factors - defence against thefts and robberies.

i. Intensification of cropping over cultivated land.
ii. Increase cultivated area wherever possible.
iii. To use HYV seeds,
iv. Easy availability of fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides.
v. Expansion of irrigation facilities,
 vi. Use modern agricultural technology.

The concept of environmental determinism explains that human is a passive agent, influenced by the environmental factors that are physical factors like climate, flora, fauna, etc which determine the attitude of decision-making and lifestyle of human beings.

The functional classification of Indian towns are as follows :

1. Administrative Towns: Supporting administrative headquarters of higher order. Example of administrative headquaters are Chandigarh, New Delhi, Bhopal, Shillong, Guwahati, Imphal, Srinagar, Gandhi Nagar, Jaipur, Chennai, etc.
2. Industrial Towns: In Industrial towns, industries constitute prime motive force. Example of  Industrial towns are Mumbai, Salem, Coimbatore, Modinagar, Jamshedpur, Hoogli, Bhilai, etc.
3. Transport cities: Port towns that are primarily engaged in import and export are Transport cities.Kandla, Kochi, Vishakhapatnam, etc are Transport cities.Agra, Dhulia, Mughalsarai, etc. are hubs of inland transport .
4. Commercial Towns: Such towns specialise in trade and commerce. For example, Kolkata, Satna, and Saharanpur.
5. Mining Towns: Such towns develop in mineral rich areas. For example Raniganj, Jharia, Digboi, Singrauli, etc.
6. Garrisson Cantonment Towns: In Garrison Cantonment Towns the main function is related to defence .For example, Ambala, Jalandhar, Babina, etc.

Human geography studies the inter-relationship between the physical environment and sociocultural environment created by human beings through mutual interaction with each other.
(i)The process of adaptation, adjustment with and modification of the environment started with the appearance of human beings over the surface of the earth in different ecological niches. Thus, if we imagine the beginning of human geography with the interaction of environment and human beings, it has its roots deep in history.
(ii)Thus, the concerns of human geography have a long temporal continuum though the approaches to articulate them have changed over time. This dynamism in approaches and thrusts shows the vibrant nature of the discipline.
(iii)American geographers, Finch and Triwartha divided the subject matter of human geography into two broad sections : (i) Physical or Natural Environment, and (ii) Cultural or Man-made Environment. Physical Environment consists of phenomena such as human settlements as well as features associated with agriculture and transportation.

An inequality measure is ‘consistent’ if it ranks distributions the same irrespective of whether health quantities are represented in terms of attainments or shortfalls. This consistency property severely restricts the set of admissible inequality measures. We show that, within a more general setting of separate measures for attainments and shortfalls, the consistency property is a combination of two conditions. The first is a compelling rationality condition that says that the attainment measure should rank attainment distributions as the shortfall measure ranks shortfall distributions. The second is an overly demanding condition that says that the attainment measure and the shortfall measure should be identical. By dropping the latter condition, the restrictions on the admissible inequality measures disappear.