Transportation is known as the lifelines of the Indian economy because:

• It links interior regions to other parts of the country. This helps in utilisation of resources.
• It helps in the process of industrialisation and urbanisation.
• It transports goods from one place to another.
• It minimise the effects of natural disasters
• It enables easy movement of people across regions.

Secondary activities add values to natural resources by transforming raw materials intovaluable products. Three examples are:
a. Cotton in the boll has limiteduse but after it is transformed into yarn,becomes more valuable and can be used formaking clothes.
b. Iron ore, cannot be used;directly from the mines, but after beingconverted into steel it gets its value and can beused for making many valuable machines,tools, etc.
c. Most of thematerials from the farm, forest, mine and thesea are processed into various valuable items.

Development means a qualitative change which is always value positive:
(i) This means that development cannot take place unless there is an increment or addition to the existing conditions.
(ii) Development occurs when positive growth takes place. Yet, positive growth does not always lead to development.
(iii) Development occurs when there is a positive change in quality

Development is a mixed bag of opportunities as well as neglect and deprivations for India:
(i) There are a few areas like the metropolitan centres and other developed enclaves that have all the modern facilities available to a small section of its population.
(ii) At the other extreme of it, there are large rural areas and the slums in the urban areas that do not have basic amenities like potable water, education and health infrastructure available to majority of this population.
(iii) The situation is more alarming if one looks at the distribution of the development opportunities among different sections of our society. It is a wellestablished fact that majority of the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, landless agricultural labourers, poor farmers and slums dwellers, etc. are the most marginalised lot.
(iv) A large segment of female population is the worst sufferers among all. It is also equally true that the relative as well as absolute conditions of the majority of these marginalised sections have worsened with the development happening over the years.
(v) Consequently, vast majority of people are compelled to live under abject poverty and subhuman conditions.

Following are the reasons to attract the high tech industries or technological park to the peripherical areas of major metropolitan cities

• Light industries, which do not use raw materials but component parts.
• More prospective for future development because extance land available, in peripheral area.
• Coast of land is generally limited in the peripheral area.
• Transport facilites are accesable through link and ring road to the peripheral area.
• Pollution free environment are additional benefits in peripheral areas
• Cheap and abudant labour supply from the nobouring residential areas.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Highways are metalled roads connecting distant places. They are constructed in a manner for unobstructed vehicular movement. Generally these are 80 m wide, with separate traffic lanes, bridges, flyovers and dual carriageways to facilitate uninterrupted traffic flow. In developed countries, every city and port town is linked through highways.

Sub-branches of human geography are-

i) Social/Cultural Geography encompasses the study of society and its spatial dynamics as well as the cultural elements contributed by the society.
(ii) Population and Settlement Geography (Rural and Urban). It studies population growth, distribution, density, *** ratio,migration and occupational structure etc. Settlement geography studies the characteristics of rural and urban settlements.
(iii) Economic Geography studies economic activities of the people including agriculture, industry, tourism, trade, and transport, infrastructure and services, etc.
(iv) Historical Geography studies the historical processes through which the space gets organised. The geographical features also
experience temporal changes and these form the concerns of historical geography.
(v) Political Geography looks at the space from the angle of political events and studies boundaries, space relations between neighbouring political units,delimitation of constituencies, election scenario and develops theoretical framework to understand the political behaviour of the population.

The ratio between the number of women and men in the population is called the *** ratio. In some countries this is measured in hundred and in some countries like INDIA this is measured in one thousand.