Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas. It means that when people from villages migrate to cities in search of job, health and educational opportunities, it results in urbanisation. 

Location of urban centres is examined with reference to their function because an area is designated as urban if it is an industrial town, military centre or sea port.

Earliest urban settlements were located near water resources, while today settlements can be located away from resources. It is because modern technology has helped in transporting resources to urban areas. Piped water can be suppliedto a distant settlement, building material canbe transported from long distances. 

Information technology has improved the basic infrastructre of cities and have made life easier for the residents. It has also provided jobs to millions of people and have helped in urbanisation. 

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Circular pattern: Circular villages develop around lakes, tanks and sometimes the village is planned in such a way that the central part remains open and is used for keeping the animals to protect them from wild animals

Dry point sites: A dry point site is one that is slightly raised from the surrounding area, meaning that it is less likely to flood. 
Wet point sites:  This refers to any site that has access to water, usually through being beside a river. Towns would either grow up along the river or clustered near the point at which the river enters the sea.

A n s w e r: Ellen C. Semple used the keyword 'dynamism' in the definition of the term human geography,
Dynamism in the relationship is the keyword in Semple’s definition.

Ellen C. Semple

A n s w e r: Ellen C. Semple used the keyword 'dynamism' in the definition of the term human geography,
Dynamism in the relationship is the keyword in Semple’s definition.

Development is a mixed bag of opportunities as well as neglect and deprivations for India:
(i)There are a few areas like the metropolitan centres and other developed enclaves that have all the modern facilities available to a small section of its population.
(ii)At the other extreme of it, there are large rural areas and the slums in the urban areas that do not have basic amenities like potable water, education and health infrastructure available to majority of this population.
(iii)The situation is more alarming if one looks at the distribution of the development opportunities among different sections of our society. It is a wellestablished fact that majority of the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, landless agricultural labourers, poor farmers and slums dwellers, etc. are the most marginalised lot.
(iv)A large segment of female population is the worst sufferers among all. It is also equally true that the relative as well as absolute conditions of the majority of these marginalised sections have worsened with the development happening over the years.
(v)Consequently, vast majority of people are compelled to live under abject poverty and subhuman conditions.

Foot loose industries are these industries that are not dependent on any specific raw material. Raw material can be imported from any part of the world. They employ few but highly skilled people. Transport is required for the development of foot loose industries. Generally, these industries do not cause any pollution. Manufacture of computer chip industry is one example of 'foot loose industries'.

(i) Foot loose industries can be located in a wide variety of places. They are not dependent on any specific raw material, weight losing or otherwise.

(ii) They largely depend on component parts which can be obtained anywhere. The important factor in their location is accessibility by road network.
 

(iii) They produce in small quantity and also employ a small labour force. These are generally not polluting industries.

Garrison towns are basically towns where military troops permanently stationed.

Functions of garrison towns are:

• It helps in maintaining peace and stability.

• It includes important settlements like training centre, offices and residences of military.

In first point adult literacy rate increases to 74.04 %

1. Adult literacy rate increases to 70 4.0 4%. 2. Literacy rate among females is 65.5%. 3. Literacy rate of males is 82.1 %. 4. This means gender gap appears to be narrowing.

In CBSE board this chapter is not in our syllabus in 2020 - 21

Nearshoring means that you as a company can outsource your projects and needs somewhere quite cheap (cheaper than an in-house team but more expensive than an offshore team) and quite close. Offshoring means that you (as a company) can outsource your projects or needs somewhere very cheap but very far.

Ye chapter to CBSE board m is bar nhi h

1.Outsourcing has resulted in the opening up of a large number of call centres in India, China, Eastern Europe, Israel, Philippines and Costa Rica. 2.It has created new jobs in these countries. Outsourcing is coming to those countries where cheap and skilled workers are available. 3.These are also out-migrating countries. But with the work available in the form of outsourcing, the migration from these countries has come down. This can be explained through these examples: 1.The Knowledge Processing Outsourcing (KPO) industry includes research and development, e-learning, business research, etc. 2.The Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industry involves highly skilled workers. It is information driven knowledge outsourcing. (can be asked in 5 marks also:)

In Orissa Human development index level is low because of poverty, mal- nutrition , deprivation, illiteracy, various types of prevalence disease ,social distributive injustice ,large-scale regional disparities

Low gender ratio -haryana (879/1000).. High gender ratio -Kerala (1084/1000)

India with a population of 1.2 billion is ranked 134th out of 172 countries as per the UNDP HDI report 2011, with a value of 0.547. There are various historical factors which are responsible for India’s poor ranking in HDI like colonialisation, social-cultural factors like Human Right violation, social discrimination on the basis of race, religion, gender and caste, social problems like crime, terrorism and lower level of empowerment among marginal members of society has special significance in this regard.

This Greek word meaning " great city " was popularised by Jean gottman 1957 and signifies super metropolitan

Cities that have population more than one million but less than 5 million are considered as metropolitan or metro city. Cities that have population more than 5 million are considered as ‘megacities’ or ‘megalopolis’.

A conurbation is a region comprising a number of metropolises, cities, large towns, and other urban areas that, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area.

(i) Climate: Most people from colder regions expect to have warm, sunny weather for beach holidays.

(ii) Landscape: Many people like to spend their holidays in an attractive environment, which often means mountains, lakes, spectacular sea coasts and landscapes not completely altered by man.
 

(iii) History and Art: The history and art of an area have potential attractiveness. People visit ancient or picturesque towns and archaeological sites, and enjoy exploring castles, palaces and churches.

9iv) Culture and Economy: These attract tourists with a penchant for experiencing ethnic and local customs. Besides, if a region provides for the needs of tourists at a cheap cost, it is likely to become very popular.

Characteristics of chain stores in the world are :-

 i. Chain stores are able to purchase merchandise most economically to their specification.

ii. They often direct the manufacturers.

iii. They employ highly skilled specialists.

iv. They have the ability to experiment in one store and apply the results to many.

Quinary activities are services that focus on the creation, re-arrangement and interpretation of new and existing ideas; data interpretation and the use and evaluation of new technologies.


Often referred to as ‘gold collar’ professions, they represent another subdivision of the tertiary sector representing special and highly paid skills of senior business executives, government officials, research scientists, financial and legal consultants, etc. Their importance in the structure of advanced economies far outweighs their numbers.

The quaternary activities along with the tertiary sector has replaced all primary and secondary employment as the basis for economic growth. Over half of all workers in developing economies are in knowledge sector and there has been a very high growth and demand for and consumption of information best service from mutual fund manager to tax consultants software developers and statisticians. Like tertiary functions quaternary activities can be outsourced. there are not find to resources affected by the environment on necessarily localised by market.

Population density simple man land ratio and is defined as number of person living on the unit area of land it is expressed in following form [density of population = total population/total area] . The factors which influence the population distribution in the world are classified as physical cultural economic and political factor: ★Physical factor: Two main physical factors which player dominant role in distribution density of population are relief and climate. Relief: relief is most important physical factors influence the distribution of population . High mountains, rude and some of the plateaus restrict human development. on the contrary plain area provide better living condition. About 90% of world population live in planes. Climate: Climate has direct influence on human beings. Men prefer to live in normal condition of temperature and rainfall.monsoon Asia north west Europe and Eastern part of North America area of dense population due to their better climatic condition. ★Cultural factor: cultural factor have their own significant role to play in influencing the distribution of population traditions and behaviour associated with common ancestry , religion and language. ★Economic factor: people move from one place to another under the influence of to measure force is with known known as push or pull factors .Push factors are those which puts the population to other areas and Pull factors are those which pull the population to particular place from the other places.

Population density (in agriculture: standing stock and standing crop) is a measurement of population per unit area, or exceptionally unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, most of the time to humans. It is a key geographical term. In simple terms, population density refers to the number of people living in an area per square kilometre.

The primitive communities lived in complete harmony with their natural environment and as such the humans were naturalised.

1. Nature is considered as a powerful force. It was worshipped and conserved.

2. The primitives were dependent on nature for their basic necessities, such as food, clothing and shelter.

3. Gradually, they understood the forces of nature.

4. They started to be socially and culturally civilised.

5. They moved into a state of freedom after developing better technology.

6. They started using the natural resources to create the things they needed.

7. Humans were greatly influenced by nature in the early stages of interaction with their natural environment. This type of interaction of early humans with the forces of nature is called environmental determinism.

8. They adapted to the dictates of nature.

United Nation Development Program(UNDP)has used the criteria of human development index to measure the development of countries.

Mixed farming

• mixed farming is for commercial purpose  
• mixed farming is growing of multiple crops on the same land
• its production is done large scale
• sometimes mixed is also helpful in retaining the fertility of the soil  
• mixed cropping follows certain groups for high production and for maximum profit

Dairy farming

• dairy farming is not always for the commercial purpose  
• it very helpful in the production of other product which can benefit them  
• its done for self or small scale production
• for the eg. making of curd paaner etc helps the producer to earn
• it usually done in rural area