Three ways of measuring population density of a habitat are:

1. Percent cover for trees with larger canopy
2. Number of fishes caught per trap
3. Pugmarks or fecal pellets or tiger census

Example: If the population of a city grows from one lakh to two lakhs over a period of time, we say the city has grown. However, if the facilities like housing, provision of basic services and other characteristics remain the same then this growth has not been accompanied by development.

A n s w e r :

Garrison towns are those towns which are established for security functions during the British rule. Their main function is related to defense. For example, Ambala, Jalandhar, Babina, etc.

The towns that have troops permanently stationed in it
The functions:
(i) to defend national security
(ii) to maintain safely the military equipments. 

In internal migration (within the country) four streams are identified-

(a) Rural-Rural (b) Rural-Urban (c)Urban-Rural (d) Urban-Urban

Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas. It means that when people from villages migrate to cities in search of job, health and educational opportunities, it results in urbanisation. 

Location of urban centres is examined with reference to their function because an area is designated as urban if it is an industrial town, military centre or sea port.

Earliest urban settlements were located near water resources, while today settlements can be located away from resources. It is because modern technology has helped in transporting resources to urban areas. Piped water can be suppliedto a distant settlement, building material canbe transported from long distances. 

Information technology has improved the basic infrastructre of cities and have made life easier for the residents. It has also provided jobs to millions of people and have helped in urbanisation. 

Circular pattern: Circular villages develop around lakes, tanks and sometimes the village is planned in such a way that the central part remains open and is used for keeping the animals to protect them from wild animals

Dry point sites: A dry point site is one that is slightly raised from the surrounding area, meaning that it is less likely to flood. 
Wet point sites:  This refers to any site that has access to water, usually through being beside a river. Towns would either grow up along the river or clustered near the point at which the river enters the sea.

A n s w e r: Ellen C. Semple used the keyword 'dynamism' in the definition of the term human geography,
Dynamism in the relationship is the keyword in Semple’s definition.

A n s w e r: Ellen C. Semple used the keyword 'dynamism' in the definition of the term human geography,
Dynamism in the relationship is the keyword in Semple’s definition.

Development is a mixed bag of opportunities as well as neglect and deprivations for India:
(i)There are a few areas like the metropolitan centres and other developed enclaves that have all the modern facilities available to a small section of its population.
(ii)At the other extreme of it, there are large rural areas and the slums in the urban areas that do not have basic amenities like potable water, education and health infrastructure available to majority of this population.
(iii)The situation is more alarming if one looks at the distribution of the development opportunities among different sections of our society. It is a wellestablished fact that majority of the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, landless agricultural labourers, poor farmers and slums dwellers, etc. are the most marginalised lot.
(iv)A large segment of female population is the worst sufferers among all. It is also equally true that the relative as well as absolute conditions of the majority of these marginalised sections have worsened with the development happening over the years.
(v)Consequently, vast majority of people are compelled to live under abject poverty and subhuman conditions.

Foot loose industries are these industries that are not dependent on any specific raw material. Raw material can be imported from any part of the world. They employ few but highly skilled people. Transport is required for the development of foot loose industries. Generally, these industries do not cause any pollution. Manufacture of computer chip industry is one example of 'foot loose industries'.

(i) Foot loose industries can be located in a wide variety of places. They are not dependent on any specific raw material, weight losing or otherwise.

(ii) They largely depend on component parts which can be obtained anywhere. The important factor in their location is accessibility by road network.
 

(iii) They produce in small quantity and also employ a small labour force. These are generally not polluting industries.

Garrison towns are basically towns where military troops permanently stationed.

Functions of garrison towns are:

• It helps in maintaining peace and stability.

• It includes important settlements like training centre, offices and residences of military.

Nearshoring means that you as a company can outsource your projects and needs somewhere quite cheap (cheaper than an in-house team but more expensive than an offshore team) and quite close. Offshoring means that you (as a company) can outsource your projects or needs somewhere very cheap but very far.

India with a population of 1.2 billion is ranked 134th out of 172 countries as per the UNDP HDI report 2011, with a value of 0.547. There are various historical factors which are responsible for India’s poor ranking in HDI like colonialisation, social-cultural factors like Human Right violation, social discrimination on the basis of race, religion, gender and caste, social problems like crime, terrorism and lower level of empowerment among marginal members of society has special significance in this regard.

Cities that have population more than one million but less than 5 million are considered as metropolitan or metro city. Cities that have population more than 5 million are considered as ‘megacities’ or ‘megalopolis’.

A conurbation is a region comprising a number of metropolises, cities, large towns, and other urban areas that, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area.

(i) Climate: Most people from colder regions expect to have warm, sunny weather for beach holidays.

(ii) Landscape: Many people like to spend their holidays in an attractive environment, which often means mountains, lakes, spectacular sea coasts and landscapes not completely altered by man.
 

(iii) History and Art: The history and art of an area have potential attractiveness. People visit ancient or picturesque towns and archaeological sites, and enjoy exploring castles, palaces and churches.

9iv) Culture and Economy: These attract tourists with a penchant for experiencing ethnic and local customs. Besides, if a region provides for the needs of tourists at a cheap cost, it is likely to become very popular.

Characteristics of chain stores in the world are :-

 i. Chain stores are able to purchase merchandise most economically to their specification.

ii. They often direct the manufacturers.

iii. They employ highly skilled specialists.

iv. They have the ability to experiment in one store and apply the results to many.